Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

Со всех языков на:
Все языки
Со всех языков на:
Все языки
Английский
Немецкий
Русский
Украинский

military-industrial employment

Толкование Перевод

1 military-industrial employment

Военный термин: занятость в военно-промышленной сфере, число занятых в военно-промышленной сфере

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > military-industrial employment
2 занятость в военно-промышленной сфере

Military: military-industrial employment

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > занятость в военно-промышленной сфере
3 число занятых в военно-промышленной сфере

Military: military-industrial employment

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > число занятых в военно-промышленной сфере
4 tätigkeit

f

1. (das Sichbeschäftigen mit etw.) activity; (Funktion, Aufgabe) activity, function, task, job; das gehört zu den Tätigkeiten einer Hausfrau that’s one of a housewife’s jobs ( oder the things a housewife has to do)

2. berufliche: occupation, job, (Beruf) auch profession; sie nimmt i-e Tätigkeit als Lehrerin wieder auf she’s going (bzw. coming) back to teaching; wir bieten eine interessante Tätigkeit im Verlagswesen we offer varied and interesting work in publishing ( oder in a publishing environment)

3. des Herzens, einer Maschine: action; eines Vulkans: activity; in / außer Tätigkeit setzen start ( oder set in motion) / stop

* * *

die Tätigkeit

action; activity; occupation; work; engagement; working; function; job

* * *
Tä|tig|keit ['tɛːtɪçkait]
f -, -en
activity; (= Beschäftigung) occupation; (= Arbeit) work; (= Beruf) job
während meiner Tä́tigkeit als Lehrer — while I was working as a teacher

zurzeit übt er eine andere Tä́tigkeit aus — at present he has a different occupation

auf eine langjährige Tä́tigkeit (als...) zurückblicken — to look back on many years of active life (as...)

in Tä́tigkeit treten — to come into operation; (Mensch) to act, to step in

in Tä́tigkeit sein (Maschine) — to be operating or running

in Tä́tigkeit setzen (Maschine) — to set going or in motion; Alarmanlage to activate

außer Tä́tigkeit setzen (Maschine) — to stop; Alarmanlage to put out of action

* * *

die

(the things which a person does: He tells me about all your doings.) doings

* * *

Tä·tig·keit

<-, -en>

f

1. (Beruf) job, occupation

das ist eine recht gut bezahlte \Tätigkeit that's a really well paid occupation

eine \Tätigkeit ausüben to practise a profession

berufliche/geschäftliche \Tätigkeit professional occupation/business activity

bisherige \Tätigkeit previous career

freiberufliche \Tätigkeit freelance work

gewerbliche \Tätigkeit commercial activity, pursuit of a trade

industrielle \Tätigkeit industrial employment

einer geregelten \Tätigkeit nachgehen to have a regular occupation

2. kein pl (Aktivität) activity

außer \Tätigkeit gesetzt put out of action

in \Tätigkeit sein to be operating [or running]

in \Tätigkeit treten to intervene; Alarmanlage, Überwachungskamera to come into operation; Vulkan to become active

* * *

die; Tätigkeit, Tätigkeiten

1) activity; (Arbeit) job

eine Tätigkeit ausüben — do work; do a job

2) o. Pl. (das In-Betrieb-Sein) operation

* * *

…tätigkeit f im subst

1. (Arbeit)

Forschungstätigkeit research (activity oder work);

Verwaltungstätigkeit administration, administrative duties pl;

Agententätigkeit espionage, spying activities pl

2. (Aktivität)

Aufklärungstätigkeit der Öffentlichkeit: information campaign; MIL reconnaissance (operations pl oder activity);

Kampftätigkeit military operations pl, fighting, action

* * *

die; Tätigkeit, Tätigkeiten

1) activity; (Arbeit) job

eine Tätigkeit ausüben — do work; do a job

2) o. Pl. (das In-Betrieb-Sein) operation

* * *

f.

actions n.

activity n.

agency n.

agitation n.

commission n.

employment n.

operation n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > tätigkeit
5 center

центр; пункт; пост; узел; середина; научпо-иселсдовагсльскпй центр, НИЦ; выводить на середину; арт. корректировать; центрировать;

air C3 center — центр руководства, управления и связи ВВС

air defense training and test(ing) center — учебно-испытательный центр ПВО

airborne battlefield C2 center — ВКП оперативного управления боевыми действиями

Armored (Combat) Training center — учебный центр бронетанковых войск

Army aviation (tactical) center — центр управления действиями армейской авиации

Defense Logistics (Services) center — центр тылового обеспечения МО

general supply (commodity) center — центр [пункт] снабжения предметами общего предназначения

hard launch (operations) control center — ркт. центр [пункт] управления пуском, защищенный от (поражающих факторов) ЯВ

large-scale surface C2 center — крупный наземный центр оперативного управления

launch (operations) control center — ркт. пункт управления стартового комплекса [пуском ракет]

military air traffic (control) center — военный центр УВД

mountain (warfare) training center — центр обучения войск действиям в горах

rear area operation(s) center — оперативный центр тылового района

replacement (depot) training center — учебный центр подготовки пополнений

sector (air operations) control center — центр управления действиями авиации в секторе ПВО

situation center (White House) — центр оценки обстановки (в Белом доме)

space defense C2 center — центр оперативного управления средствами ПКО

tactical fighter weapons (employment development) center — центр разработки способов боевого применения оружия истребителей ТА

— AA defense center

— accounting and finance center

— action center

— action information center

— Adjutant General center

— administrative center

— administrative support operations center

— advanced intelligence center

— advanced message center

— advanced signal center

— Advanced Simulation center

— adventure training center

— aerial embarkation center

— aeromedical evacuation control center

— aeronautical chart and information center

— aeronautical systems center

— Aerospace center

— Aerospace Defense center

— Aerospace Guidance center

— aerospace technical intelligence center

— AG center

— AG message center

— aggressor center

— air combat operations control center

— air control and reporting center

— air control center

— air coordination center

— air defense area operations center

— air defense control center

— air defense direction center

— air defense filter center

— air defense missile systems operations control center

— air defense national center

— air defense notification center

— air defense operations center

— air defense sector operations center

— air defense technical center

— air defense training center

— Air Defense Weapons center

— air defense zone operations center

— air direction center

— Air Force Armament center

— Air Force combat intelligence center

— Air Force Cryptologic Support center

— Air Force Engineering and Services center

— Air Force Inspection and Safety center

— Air Force Intelligence center

— Air Force Legal Services center

— Air Force Manpower and Personnel center

— Air Force Medical Service center

— Air Force Missile Development center

— Air Force Service Information and News center

— Air Force Space and Missile Test center

— Air Force Special Forces center

— Air Force Special Weapons center

— Air Force tactical center

— Air Force technical training center

— Air Force Test and Evaluation center

— air logistics coordination center

— air reconnaissance control center

— air rescue control center

— air rescue coordination center

— Air Reserve Personnel center

— air route traffic control center

— air safety center

— air situation information collecting and warning center

— air support operations center

— air tactical operations center

— air training center

— airborne control center

— airborne direct air support center

— airborne launch control center

— airborne operations center

— airborne signal center

— aircraft control center

— airfield center

— air-ground weather center

— airhead air traffic coordination center

— airlift control center

— airlift coordination center

— alert center

— alert defense center

— Allied Command Operations center

— Allied Press Information center

— Allied Sector Operations center

— Allied Signal Training center

— Allied Tactical Air Force command center

— Allied Tactical Operations center

— all-sources intelligence center

— alternate joint communications center

— Alternate National Military Command center

— alternate signal center

— amphibious control center

— amphibious training center

— analysis center

— aquatic training center

— Arctic Test center

— Arctic Training center

— Arctic-Desert Tropic Information center

— area combined movements center

— area communications center

— area control center

— area damage control center

— area security coordination center

— area signal center

— arm training center

— armament and combat vehicle center

— Armament Development and Test center

— Armament Maintenance Management Information center

— Armed Forces Command center

— Armed Forces Recreation center

— Armed Forces Reserve center

— Army Administration center

— Army BM Defense Advanced Research center

— Army BM Defense Advanced Technology center

— Army center of Military History

— Army Foreign Science and Technology center

— Army Intelligence center

— Army Logistics Management center

— Army Medical Materiel center

— Army Missile and Munitions center and School

— Army Missile Development center

— Army Missile Test center

— Army Mobility Research center

— Army Ordnance center and School

— Army Pacific Area Documentation center

— Army Photo center

— Army photographic interpretation center

— Army Regional Medical center

— Army Reserve Components Personnel and Administration center

— Army Security Assistance center

— Army tactical operations center

— Army Youth Selection center

— artillery direction center

— assessment center

— attack center

— automated mobile air defense center

— automatic data processing service center

— automatic data processing training center

— automatic data service center

— automatic digital message switching center

— automatic switching center

— aviation maintenance center

— base defense operations center

— base operations center

— basic training center

— battalion fire distribution center

— battalion maintenance center

— battalion operations center

— battery center

— battle simulation center

— battlefield information coordination center

— battlefield intelligence coordination center

— battlefield surveillance center

— BM Defense Research center

— BM Radiation Analysis center

— BM training center

— branch training center

— briefing center

— burst center

— burst error center

— C center

— C Technical center

— casualty reception center

— center for Communications Sciences

— center for Defense Information

— center for Disarmament

— center for Naval Analysis

— center for Strategic and International Studies

— center of combat

— center of impact

— center of mass

— center of resistance

— central stock control center

— central warning center

— channel and message switching center

— CIA Operations center

— CIA regional center

— civic center

— civil emergency operations center

— civilian internee information center

— Civilian Personnel center

— classification and reclamation center

— classified message center

— close air support center

— clothing exchange center

— coast spotting center

— code center

— cold regions test center

— cold weather training center

— collecting center

— combat control center

— combat crew replacement center

— combat development and test center

— combat development experimental center

— combat development experimentation center

— combat employment development center

— combat information center

— combat operations center

— combat support training center

— combat training center

— combined arms center

— combined arms simulation center

— combined arms training center

— command and operations center

— command center

— command operations center

— command signal center

— communications center

— communications centers operation control center

— communications monitoring center

— communications security center

— communications switching center

— communications system control center

— communications system planning center

— communications technical control center

— communications-electronics center

— community services center

— computation center

— computer-assisted designing equipment center

— computerized intelligence collection center

— construction supply center

— contamination center

— control and reporting center

— control center

— control communications center

— coordinating center

— coordination center

— coordination computer center

— corps press information center

— counterair operations center

— counterintelligence center

— counterintelligence interrogation center

— crisis relocation center

— critical logistics center

— cryptographic center

— cultural information analysis center

— damage assessment center

— damage control center

— decontamination center

— deep underground command center

— defense center

— Defense Clothing and Textile Supply center

— Defense Communications Agency Operations center

— Defense Communications Engineering center

— Defense Construction Supply center

— Defense Documentation center

— Defense Electronics Supply center

— Defense Fuel Supply center

— Defense Industrial Plant Equipment center

— Defense Industrial Supply center

— Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace center

— Defense Mapping Agency Topographic center

— Defense Medical Supply center

— Defense Personnel Support center

— Defense Problems Information center

— Defense Security Clearance center

— Defense Supply center

— deployment control center

— desert training center

— design center

— detailed interrogation center

— detention center

— development center

— direct air support center

— direction center

— Disciplinary Correction center

— disciplinary training center

— dispersion center

— distribution center

— district air support center

— district HQ command center

— doctrinal center

— documentation center

— drill center

— drone control center

— educational center

— electromagnetic compatibility analysis center

— electronic data processing center

— electronic data transmission control center

— electronic intelligence center

— electronics supply center

— emergency control center

— emergency decontamination center

— emergency operations center

— engineer replacement training center

— Enlisted Evaluation center

— Enlisted Records and Evaluation center

— entertainment center

— environment prediction center

— equipment depot center

— Euro Training center

— European Defense Analysis center

— evacuation center

— evaluation center

— EW coordination center

— EW intelligence operations center

— experimental engineer construction center

— experimentation center

— exploitation center

— explosive ordnance disposal coordination center

— FA tactical operations center

— family and community center

— family life center

— family welcome center

— Federal contract research center

— federal emergency operating center

— Federal Warning center

— Field Army tactical operations center

— field maintenance center

— fighter control center

— finance center

— fire control center

— fire direction center

— fire distribution center

— fire section center

— fire-support control center

— fire-support coordination center

— first-aid decontamination center

— fixed communications center

— Fleet Analysis center

— Fleet Anti-Air Warfare center

— Fleet Anti-Air Weapon Training center

— Fleet BM center

— Fleet Combat Training center

— Fleet Command center

— Fleet Loading center

— flight communications center

— flight control center

— flight coordination center

— food service center

— foreign military aid training center

— foreign military assistance training center

— foreign science and technology center

— fortified center

— fortified signal center

— forward area communications center

— forward area signal center

— forward communications center

— forward direction center

— forward electrical/electronic service center

— forward signal center

— general development center

— general support center

— general technical support center

— geodetic survey information center

— ground support equipment center

— guided weapon center

— helicopter direction center

— helicopter logistic support center

— High Energy Laser center

— Home Town News center

— human resources research center

— imagery interpretation center

— imagination center

— indoctrination center

— industrial supply center

— infantry training center

— infiltration surveillance center

— information center

— information computer center

— information mapping center

— initial training center

— in-out processing center

— integrated operational intelligence center

— intelligence and operational information collection center

— intelligence center

— intelligence fusion center

— intelligence information center

— intelligence operations center

— intelligence processing and evaluation center

— intelligence threat analysis center

— interrogation center

— inventory control center

— joint air-photo center

— Joint Army-Navy Information center

— joint command operations' center

— joint EW center

— joint nuclear accidents coordinating center

— joint operations center

— joint operations integrated center

— Joint Reconnaissance center

— Joint Refugee Operations center

— joint search and rescue center

— jump tactical operations center

— jungle operations training center

— jungle warfare training center

— labor supervision center

— Land Warfare center

— land-based signal monitoring center

— Landing Force Training center

— landing zone control center

— Leadership and Management Development center

— learning resource center

— Library Service center

— logistical center

— logistical operations center

— logistics communications center

— logistics coordinating center

— logistics readiness center

— logistics services center

— logistics support operations center

— main command center

— Main Naval Communications center

— main signal center

— maintenance center

— maintenance control center

— maintenance management center

— major development center

— management center

— map distribution center

— Marine Corps Air Ground Intelligence center

— Marine Corps Air/Ground Combat Training center

— Marine Corps Development center

— Marine Corps Emergency Operations center

— Marine Corps Landing Force Development center

— market center

— material and maintenance control center

— material management center

— Materials and Mechanics Research center

— materials information center

— materiel maintenance center

— medical control center

— medical hospital center

— medical training center

— message center

— message processing center

— metrology and calibration center

— military aircraft storage and disposition center

— military center

— military corrective training center

— military intelligence detachment communications center

— Military Intelligence Unit Training center

— Military Personnel center

— military personnel records center

— military R & D center

— military service propaganda center

— military space surveillance center

— military subsistence market center

— missile and munitions center

— missile center

— missile defense center

— missile development center

— missile operations center

— missile space center

— missile warning center

— mobile air combat operations center

— mobile communications center

— mobile computation center

— mobile ground combat information center

— mobile signal center

— Mobility Equipment R&D center

— mobilization center

— mock center

— modification center

— mortar-fire control center

— mortar-fire direction center

— motor transport center

— movement control center

— movement report control center

— MP training center

— multinational nuclear fuel cycle center

— multiservice center

— National Assessment center

— National Bidders Control center

— National Civil Defense Warning center

— National Command center

— National Communications System Operations center

— National Damage Assessment center

— National Defense Communications Control center

— National Foreign Information Assessment center

— National Indications center

— National Intelligence Objectives center

— National Internal Defense Coordination center

— National Military Command center

— National Military Communications center

— National Military Intelligence center

— National Naval Medical center

— National Personnel Records center

— National Photographic Interpretation center

— National SIGINT Operations center

— National Space Surveillance Control center

— National Training center

— NATO Maintenance Supply Service center

— NATO Supply center

— Naval Air Missile center

— Naval Air Propulsion Test center

— Naval Command center

— naval gunfire operation center

— Naval Intelligence Support center

— Naval Missile center

— Naval Surface Weapons center

— Naval Training Equipment center

— Naval Undersea Warfare center

— NBC collection center

— NBC control center

— NBC information collection center

— NBC sub-collection center

— network control center

— night observation device information analysis center

— nodal communication center

— North American Air Defense Combat Operations center

— Northern Warfare Training center

— nuclear fuel cycle center

— nuclear production center

— nuclear weapons training center

— officer evaluation center

— officer evaluations training center

— operational center

— operational tactical control center

— operations control center

— ordnance center

— ordnance test center

— overseas replacement center

— over-the-counter message center

— pathfinder control center

— Personnel and Administration center

— personnel data center

— personnel management center

— personnel operations center

— personnel records center

— personnel recovery center

— planning center

— post concentration center

— premission briefing center

— printing and publications center

— prisoner interrogation center

— prisoner of war/civilian internee center

— programming and trainmg center

— programming center

— public works center

— PW exploitation center

— PW information center

— radar direction center

— radar information processing center

— radiation analysis center

— radio reception center

— radio teletype message center

— radio transmission center

— radiological center

— range center

— rear area combat operations center

— rear area information/intelligence center

— rear security control center

— rear switching center

— reassignment center

— recreational services support center

— recruit training center

— recruiting center

— referral center

— regional control center

— regional operations center

— rehabilitation training center

— relay communications center

— religious retreat center

— relocation center

— remote area conflict information center

— report center

— Reserve Components Personnel and Administration center

— reserve training center

— resource control center

— rest center

— restructured general support center

— retraining center

— rural civilian defense center

— salvage center

— SAM coordinate center

— secured communications center

— Security Assistance Accounting center

— security clearance center

— seismic array analysis center

— semi-automatic ground environment manual control center

— service center

— service operations center

— SHAPE Alternate Command center

— SHAPE Data Retrieval center

— signal center

— signal technical control center

— simulation center

— skill development center

— soft launch control center

— soldier support center

— Sonar Research center

— Space Computation center

— space defense center

— Space Defense Operations center

— space operations center

— space support center

— Space Technology center

— special air warfare center

— special communications center

— Special Forces Support center

— special treatment center

— special warfare center

— special weapons center

— special weapons operations center

— specialist training center

— standards information center

— standby center

— standby local early warning and control center

— stationary signal center

— stock control center

— Strategic and International Studies center

— strategic center of gravity

— strategic concepts development center

— strategic planning center

— subcollection center

— supply center

— supporting arms coordinating center

— supporting signal center

— surveillance center

— survey information center

— switching center

— systems operation center

— Tactical Air Combat Employment center

— tactical air command center

— tactical air control center

— tactical air coordination center

— tactical air direction center

— tactical air operations center

— tactical air reconnaissance center

— tactical air support center

— tactical air warfare center

— tactical aircraft forward direction center

— tactical airlift center

— tactical army operations center

— tactical aviation warning and control center

— tactical control center

— tactical flag command center

— tactical intelligence center

— tactical operations center

— tactical support center

— tactical unit operations center

— Tactical Warfare center

— tactical weapons guidance and control information and analysis center

— target information center

— target processing center

— targeting center

— technical application center

— technical checkup center

— technical intelligence center

— technical training center

— telecommunications center

— teletypewriter relay center

— teletypewriter switching center

— test center

— theater joint operations center

— training aids support center

— training and experimental center

— Training center and Air Defense School

— Training center and Army Security Agency School

— Training center and Military Intelligence School

— Training center and Ordnance and Chemical School

— training center

— trajectory center

— transport aviation combat employment development center

— transport control center

— transportation and movements control center

— Tropic Test center

— tropospheric communications center

— trunk switching center

— UN center for Disarmament

— underwater situation evaluation center

— urban center

— vacation center

— vehicle maintenance center

— vehicle-based mobile signal center

— vehicle-collecting center

— vocational training center

— warning center

— weapon systems programs center

— weapon training center

— weapons information and analysis center

— weapons monitoring center

— weapons systems management center

— wheeled vehicle maintenance center

— winter warfare training center

— wire distribution center

English-Russian military dictionary > center
6 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse: XIIth Century-XXth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925, 1952 (2nd edition, B. Vi-digal, ed.).

   ■. Portuguese Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922, 1970 (2nd edition, B. Vidigal, ed.).

   ■ Bleiberg, German, Maureen Ihrie, and Janet Pérez, eds. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1993.

   ■ Castro, Francisco Lyon de, ed. História da literatura portuguesa, 7 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 2001-02.

   ■ Cidade, Hernani. Lições de Cultura e Literatura Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■ Cook, Manuela. Portuguese: A Complete Course for Beginners. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996. Figueiredo, Fidelino. História literária de Portugal. Coimbra, 1944. Gentile, Georges Le. La Littérature Portugaise. Rev. ed. Paris, 1951. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.

   ■ Longland, Jean. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry. A Bilingual Selection. Irvington-on-Hudson: Harvey House, 1966. Prado Coelho, Jacinto do. Dicionário das Literaturas Portuguesas, Galega e Brasileira, 3rd ed. Oporto, 1978. Rossi, Giuseppe C. Storia della letteratura portoghesa. Florence, 1953.

   ■ Santos, João Camilo dos. "Portuguese Contemporary Literature." In Antônio Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 218-42. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Saraiva, Antônio José. História da cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-60.

   ■. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990 ed.

   ■, and Oscar Lopes. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Oporto and Coimbra, 1992 ed.

   ■ Seguier, Jaime de, ed. Dicionário Prático Ilustrado. Oporto: Lello, 1961 and later eds.

   ■ Simões, João Gaspar. História da poesia portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1955-56 and later eds.

   ■. História da poesia portuguesa do século XX. Lisbon, 1959 and later eds.

   ■ Stern, Irwin, ed.-in-chief. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.

   ■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Adragão, José Victor. The Algarve: The Land, the Sea and Its People. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.

   ■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.

   ■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.

   ■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.

   ■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.

   ■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.

   ■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.

   ■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.

   ■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.

   ■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)

   ■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.

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   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

   ■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

   ■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■. Velho Brasil, Novas Africas: Portugal e o Império ( 1808-1975). Oporto: Afrontamento, 2000.

   ■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.

   ■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.

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   ■ Rocha-Trinidade, Maria Beatriz da. "La Sociologie des Migrations au Portugal." Current Sociology 32, 2 (Summer 1984): 175-98.

   ■. "Towards Reintegration of Emigrants." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and Guy Clausse, eds., Closing the Migratory Cycle: The Case of Portugal, 183-94. Saarbrücken: Breitenbach, 1985.

   ■. "Emigração." In Dicionario Illustrado Da História De Portugal ( 1985): 205-7.

   ■. A Emigração. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Espaços de herança cultural portuguesa-gentes, factos, políticas." Analise Social (Lisbon) XXIV (1988): 313-51.

   ■ Rocha-Trinidade, Maria Beatriz da, and Jorge Arroteia. Bibliografia da Emigração Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Americans of Portuguese Descent: A Lesson in Differentiation. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1974.

   ■. Testemunhos sobre a Emigração Portuguesa: Antologia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Silva, F. Emídio da. A Emigração Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1917.

   ■ Silva, Manuela, et al. Retorno, Emigração e Desenvolvimento Regional em Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Simões, Mário Pinto. O Emigrante Português: Processos de Adaptação ( o exemplo da Suiça). Oporto, 1985.

   ■ Simões, Nuno. O Brasil e a Emigração Portuguesa. Coimbra, 1934.

   ■ Sousa Ferreira, Eduardo de, and Guy Clausse, eds. Closing the Migratory Cycle: The Case of Portugal. Saarbrucken: Verlag Breitenbach, 1986.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Sea to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Vicente, António Luís. Os Portuguese Nos Estados Unidos Da América: Política De Comunidades E Comunidade Política. Lisbon: FLAD, 1998.

   ■ Viera, David, et al. Portuguese in the United States: A Bibliography ( Supplement to the 1976 Leo Pap Bibliography). Essay Number 6 in Essays in Portuguese Studies. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1989.

   ■ Williams, Jerry. And Yet They Come: Portuguese Immigration from the Azores to the United States. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1982.

   ■ Portugal's Atlantic Islands (Azores, Madeiras)

   ■ Biddle, Anthony J. Drexel. The Madeira Islands, 2 vols. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900.

   ■ Bryans, Robin. Madeira, Pearl of the Atlantic. London: Robert Hale, 1959.

   ■. The Azores. London: Faber & Faber, 1963.

   ■ Cooke, Rupert Croft. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Cossart, Noel. Madeira— the Island Vineyard. London: Christie's, 1984.

   ■ Da Silva, Fernando Augusto, and Carlos Azevedo de Menezes. Elucidário Madeirense, 3 vols. Funchal, 1940.

   ■ Duncan, T. Bentley. Atlantic Islands in the Seventeenth Century: Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce andNavigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

   ■ Guill, James H. A History of the Azores Islands. Menlo Park, Calif.: Author's Edition, 1972.

   ■ Instituto Histórico Da Ilha Terceira [Azores]. Os Açores E O Atlântico ( Séculos XIV-XVII) [Proceedings of International Colloquium, August 1983]. Angra do Heroismo, Terceira Island, Azores, 1984.

   ■ Koebel, William Henry. Madeira Old and New. London: Griffiths, 1909.

   ■ Mee, Jules. Histoire de la découverte des Iles Açores. Ghent, 1901.

   ■ Peres, Damião. A Madeira sob os donatórios-Séculos XV e XVI. Funchal, 1914.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Atlantic Islanders of the Azores and Madeiras. North Quincy, Mass.: Christopher House, 1979.

   ■ Serpa, Caetano Valadão. A Gente Dos Açores. Identificaçao-Emigraçio E Religiosidade: Séculos XVI-XX. Lisbon: 1978.

   ■ Silva, J. Donald. "With Columbus in Madeira." Portuguese Studies Review (Durham, NH) I, 1 (Spring-Summer 1991).

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Azores and the United States (1787-1987): Two Hundred Years of Shared History." Boletim do Instituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira XLV (1988): 55-71.

   ■ Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (1373-Present)

   ■ Almada, José de. A Aliança Inglesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1947.

   ■. Para a história da aliança luso-britânica. Lisbon, 1955.

   ■ Atkinson, William C. British Contributions to Portuguese and Brazilian Studies. London: British Council, 1974.

   ■ Bourne, Kenneth. The Foreign Policy of Victorian England 1830-1902. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.

   ■ British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■ British Community Council of London. Souvenir Brochure Commemorating the 600th Anniversary of the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Alliance and Friendship, 1373-1973. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. Portugal na Alvorada do Século XX. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello "Aliança Inglesa." Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira da Cultura. Vol. 1 (1963): 1270-1271.

   ■. "L'alliance Anglo-Portuguese: Histoire et situation actuelle." Chronique de politique etrangére (Paris) XX, 6 (1967): 695-708.

   ■. Portugal e a Internacionalização dos Problemas Africanos. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Castro, Armando. A dominação inglesa em Portugal. Estudo seguido de Antologia Textos dos Sécs. XVIII e XIX. Oporto: Afrontamento, 1972.

   ■ Crollen, Luc. Portugal, the U.S. and NATO. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1973.

   ■. "Portugal." In O. De Raeymaeker et al. Small Powers in Alignment, 27-96. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1974.

   ■ Cunha Leal, Francisco. Portugal e Inglaterra. Corunna, 1932.

   ■ Davidson, Basil. "The Oldest Alliance Faces a Crisis." In Philip Masonm, ed., Angola: A Symposium. Views of a Revolt, 138-60. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

   ■ Duff, Katherine. "The War and the Neutrals." In Arnold and Veronica Toyn-bee, eds., Survey of International Affairs. London: Chatham House, 1956.

   ■ Duffy, James. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.

   ■ Epstein, John. "The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 1373-1973." World Survey (London) 54 (June 1973): p. 18.

   ■ Ferreira, José Medeiros. Estudos de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General L. O Poder Militar Da Gran-Bretanha E A Aliança Anglo-Lusa. Coimbra, 1939.

   ■. A Cooperaçio Anglo-Portuguesa na Grande Guerra de 1914-18. Lisbon, 1942.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Methuens and Portugal 1691-1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.

   ■. Portugal 1715-1808. London: Tamesis, 1985.

   ■ Freitas, A. Barjona de. A Questão Ingleza. Lisbon, 1891.

   ■ Gonçalves, Caetano. A Aliança Luso-Britânica e o Domínio Colonial Português. Lisbon, 1917.

   ■ Guedes, Armando Marques. A Aliança Inglesa: Notas de História diplomática, 1383-1943. Lisbon, 1943. Halpern Pereira, Miriam. Revoluçio, finanças, dependência externa. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Howorth, A. H. D'Araujo Scott. A Aliança Luso-Britânica E A Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 1956.

   ■ Kay, Hugh. Salazar and Modern Portugal. New York: Hawthorne, 1970.

   ■ Lawrence, L. Nehru Seizes Goa. New York: Pageant, 1963.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. "The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance: Historical Perspective." 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 7-15. Lisbon: BBC, 1973.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Borges de. História Diplomática Portuguesa-Constantes e Linhas de Força. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Manoel, J. de Câmara. Portugal e Inglatterra. Lisbon, 1909.

   ■ Martinez, Pedro S. História Diplomática de Portugal. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Medlicott, W. N. The Economic Blockade, Vol. II. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952.

   ■ Oliveira, Pedro Aires. Os Despojos Da Alianca. A Gra-Bretanha e a questao colonial portuguesa 1945-1975. Lisbon: Tinta-da-China, 2007. Ortigão, Ramalho. John Bull. Lisbon, 1887.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Diplomatic Relations of Portugal with France, England and Holland from 1646 to 1668. Watford, U.K.: Voss & Michael, 1925.

   ■. Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. London: Voss & Michael, 1935.

   ■ Russell, Peter E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955. Sarmento, J. E. Morães. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and Coast Defense. London, 1908.

   ■ Serrão, Joel. "O Ultimatum (January 1890)." Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. IV (1971): 219-24.

   ■ Shafaat, Ahmed Khan, ed. Anglo-Portuguese Negotiations Relating to Bombay, 1660-1667. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.

   ■ Sideri, Sandro. Trade and Power: Informal Colonialism in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1970.

   ■ Sousa, Carlos Hermenegildo de. A Aliança Anglo-Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1943.

   ■ Stone, Glyn A. "The Official British Attitude to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 1910-45." Journal of Contemporary History (London) 10, 4 (Oct. 1975): 729-46.

   ■. The Oldest Ally: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1936-1941. Woodbridge, U.K.: Royal Historical Society and Boydell Press, 1994. Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. O Ultimatum Inglês: Política Externa no Portugal do 1890. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Teles, Basilio. Do Ultimatum ao 30 de Janeiro. Oporto, 1905.

   ■ Vicente, António Pedro. "Um testemunho de 1796 sobre a Situação de Portugal face ao domínio inglês." In Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portugües, IV. Paris, 1972.

   ■ Vieira de Castro, Luís. D. Carlos I. ( Elementos de História Diplomática), 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1941.

   ■ Vincent-Smith, John. "Britain, Portugal and the First World War." European Studies Review 4, 3 (1974).

   ■. "The Portuguese Economy and the Anglo-Portuguese Commercial Treaty of 1916." Iberian Studies (Keele, U.K.) III, 2 (Autumn 1974): 49-54.

   ■. As Relações Políticas Luso-Britânicas 1910-1916. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. "The Portuguese Republic and Britain, 1910-14." Journal of Contemporary History 10, 4 (Oct. 1975): 707-27.

   ■ Vintras, R. E. The Portuguese Connection: A Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman & Turner, 1974. Viriato [Pseud]. A Aliança lnglesa. Lisbon, 1914.

   ■ Walford, A. R. The British Factory in Lisbon and Its Closing Stages Ensuring upon the Treaty of 1810. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Portuguese in Angola, 1836-1891: A Study in Expansion and Administration." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 1963.

   ■. "19th Century: Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and the Scramble for Africa." In BBC, 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 40-43. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, Wisc.) 34, 1, 2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27; 97-111.

   ■ Wordsworth, William. William Wordsworth's Convention of Cintra: A Facsimile of the 1809 Tract [Introduction by Gordon Kent Thomas]. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983.

   ■ Young, George. Portugal Old and Young. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.

   ■ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

   ■ Almeida, Miguel Vale de. The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in a Portuguese Town. Oxford: Berghan, 1996.

   ■ Black, Richard. Crisis and Change in Rural Europe: Agricultural Development in the Portuguese Mountains. Aldershot, U.K.: Avebury and Ashgate, 1992.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■. "The Absence of Men." Natural History 96, 2 (Feb. 1987): 52-61.

   ■. "The Portuguese." In Encyclopedia of World Cultures. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files, 1990.

   ■. "The Priest and His People: The Contractual Basis for Religious Practice in Rural Portugal." In Ellen Badone, ed., Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, 55-75. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

   ■ Brogger, Jan. Pre-bureaucratic Europeans: A Study of a Portuguese Fishing Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. "Portuguese Perspectives." Sociologia Ruralis [Journal of European Rural Sociology] XXIV, 1 (1986); number devoted to rural Portugal today. Chaney, Rick. Regional Emigration and Remittances in Developing Countries: The Portuguese Experience. New York: Praeger, 1986. Cole, Sally. Women of the Praia: Work and Lives in a Portuguese Colonial Community. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. Cutileiro, José. A Portuguese Rural Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■ Deschamps, Paul. Portugal: La Vie Sociale Actuelle. Paris, 1935.

   ■. Histoire Sociale du Portugal. Paris, 1959.

   ■ Dias, Jorge. Rio do Onor-comunitarismo agropastoral. Oporto, 1953.

   ■. Ensaios Etnológicos. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■. The Portuguese Contribution to Cultural Anthropology. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1964.

   ■. Vilarinho Da Furna: Uma Aldeia Comunitária. Rev. ed. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Downs, Charles. Os Moradores à Conquista da Cidade. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■. "Community Organization, Political Change and Urban Policy: Portugal. 1974-1976." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology. University of California, 1980.

   ■. "Residents' Commissions and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Dracklé, Dorlé. Macht und Ohnmacht: Der Kampf num die Agarreform im Alentejo ( Portugal). Gottingen, Germany: Edit. Re, 1991.

   ■ Espírito Santo, Moise. Communidade Rural ao Norte do Tejo. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Feijó, Rui, H. Martins, and João de Pina Cabral, eds. Death in Portugal. Oxford: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1983.

   ■ Feijó, Rui Graça. "State, Nation and Regional Diversity in Portugal: An Overview." In Richard Herr and John H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity: Essays on the Nature of Identity in Portugal and Spain, 37-47. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1989.

   ■ Feio, Mariano. Les Bas Alentejo et l'Algarve. Lisbon, 1949.

   ■ Ferreira de Almeida, João. Classes sociais nos campos. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Ramiro da. O Livro da Saúde e da Doença. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. Portugal: A Book of Folk-Ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936. Reprinted, 1961.

   ■ Hoefgen, Lynn. "The Integration of Returnees from the Colonies into Portugal's Social and Economic Life." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Ingerson, Alice Elizabeth. "Corporatism and Class Consciousness in Northwestern Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University, 1984.

   ■ Jenkins, Robin. The Road to Alto. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

   ■ Lawrence, Denise. "Menstrual Politics: Women and Pigs in Rural Portugal." In T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, eds., Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, 117-36. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   ■. "Suburbanization of House Form and Gender Relations in a Rural Portuguese Agro-Town." Architecture and Behavior 4, 3 (1988): 197-212.

   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
7 office

управление; департамент; комитет; отдел; бюро; секретариат, канцелярия; разг. кабина экипажа

Joint Service Cruise Missile Program [Project] office — объединенное управление разработки КР (для ВВС и ВМС)

office of Information, Navy — информационное управление ВМС

office of Research, Development and Evaluation — управление НИОКР ВМС

office of the Chief, Army Reserve — управление резерва СВ

office of the Comptroller, Navy — управление главного финансового инспектора ВМС

office of the Deputy COFS for Research, Development and Acquisition — управление заместителя НШ по НИОКР и закупкам (СВ)

office, Aerospace Research — управление воздушно-космических исследований

office, Analysis and Review — управление анализа и контроля потребностей

office, Armor Force Management and Standardization — управление по вопросам администрации и стандартизации бронетанковых войск

office, Assistant COFS for Force Development — управление ПНШ по строительству ВС

office, Assistant COFS for Intelligence — управление ПНШ по разведке

office, Assistant COFS — управление [отдел] ПНШ

office, Assistant Secretary of Defense — аппарат [секретариат] ПМО

office, Chief of Chaplains — управление начальника службы военных священников (СВ)

office, Chief of Civil Affairs — управление по связям с гражданской администрацией и населением

office, Chief of Engineers — управление начальника инженерных войск

office, Chief of Finance (and Accounting) — управление начальника финансовой службы (СВ)

office, Chief of Legislative Liaison — отдел связи с законодательными органами

office, Chief of Ordnance — управление начальника артиллерийско-технической службы (СВ)

office, Chief of R&D — управление НИОКР (СВ)

office, Chief of Transportation — управление [отдел] начальника транспортной службы

office, Chief, Chemical Corps — управление начальника химической службы

office, COFS for Operations — оперативное управление НШ

office, COFS, Army — аппарат НШ СВ

office, Consolidated Personnel — управление гражданских рабочих и служащих

office, Coordinator of Army Studies — управление координатора разработок СВ

office, Defense Transportation — управление военно-транспортной службы

office, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Air Warfare — управление заместителя НШ ВМС по боевому применению авиации

office, Deputy COFS for Aviation — отдел заместителя НШ по авиации (МП)

office, Deputy COFS for Installations and Logistics — управление заместителя НШ по расквартированию и тыловому обеспечению

office, Deputy COFS for Manpower — управление заместителя НШ по людским ресурсам

office, Deputy COFS for Operations and Training — управление заместителя НШ по оперативной и боевой подготовке

office, Deputy COFS for Plans and Logistics — управление заместителя НШ по планированию тылового обеспечения

office, Development and Engineering — отдел технических разработок (ЦРУ)

office, Development and Weapon Systems Analysis — управление разработки и анализа систем вооружения

office, Director of Development Planning — управление планирования строительства (ВВС)

office, Director of Foreign Intelligence — управление начальника внешней разведки

office, Distribution Services — отдел распределения и рассылки картографических изданий (МО)

office, Economic Research — отдел экономических исследований (ЦРУ)

office, Emergency Transportation — управление чрезвычайных перевозок

office, Employment Policy and Grievance Review — отдел по вопросам занятости и рассмотрению жалоб (СВ)

office, Federal Procurement Policy — управление разработки федеральной политики в области закупок

office, Force Planning and Analysis — управление планирования и анализа строительства ВС

office, General Council — управление генерального юрисконсульта

office, Geographic and Cartographic Research — отдел географических и картографических исследований (ЦРУ)

office, Imagery Analysis — отдел анализа видовой информации (ЦРУ)

office, Information and Legal Affairs — управление информации и права (МО)

office, Information for. the Armed Forces — управление информации ВС

office, JCS — аппарат КНШ

office, Judge Advocate General — управление начальника военно-юридической службы

office, Management and Budget — административно-бюджетное управление

office, Military Assistance — управление по оказанию военной помощи

office, Personnel Manager — отдел кадров (СВ)

office, Services and Information Agency — отдел управления информационного обеспечения

office, Special Assistant for Logistical Support of Army Aircraft — отдел специального помощника по вопросам МТО армейской авиации

office, Special Assistant for Logistical Support of Tactical Communications — отдел специального помощника по вопросам МТО тактических систем связи

office, the Inspector General — управление генерального инспектора

office, the Legislative Affairs — управление военного законодательства

office, Under Secretary of Navy — аппарат заместителя министра ВМС

office, Under Secretary of the Air Force — аппарат заместителя министра ВВС

Personnel, Plans and Training office — отдел по вопросам ЛС, планирования и боевой подготовки

Strategic Objectives [Targets] Planning office — управление планирования стратегических задач (КНШ)

Strategic Submarine C2 office — отдел оперативного управления ПЛ стратегических сил

Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Night Observation System office — управление разработки систем наблюдения, засечки целей и ПНВ

— Adjutant General's office

— Administrative office

— admission office

— Air Attache Affairs office

— Air Force office of Security Police

— Air Force office of Special Investigations

— Air Force Post office

— Air Force Special Security office

— Air Land Programs office

— air reconnaissance liaison office

— Airlift Coordinating office

— ammunition office

— Antimissile Missile and Space Defense Projects office

— approving office

— Armed Forces Graves Registration office

— Army Air Defense Operations office

— Army Careers and Information office

— Army Electronics and Special Weapons office

— Army Force Modernization Coordination office

— Army Industry Material Information Liaison office

— Army Post office

— Army Procurement Research office

— Army R&D Information Systems office

— Army Research office

— Army Staff Military Assistance office

— Army Staff Operations office

— Army Staff Reserves office

— Army Staff Security office

— Army Staff TOE office

— Army Staff Topography office

— Army Staff Training office

— assault signal office

— beach signal office

— billeting office

— BM Construction office

— BM Defense Program office

— BM office

— branch field post office

— branch office

— British Forces Post office

— careers office

— Central Purchasing office

— Chief QM's office

— cipher office

— circulation control office

— Civilian Personnel office

— code office

— command issuing office

— Commercial Communications Policy office

— community post office

— company office

— Comptroller General's office

— counterfire duty office

— Crime and Intelligence office

— Defense Attache office

— Defense Commercial Communications office

— Defense Communications Engineering office

— Defense Communications Field office

— Defense foreign disclosure coordinating office

— Defense Materiel Specifications and Standards office

— Defense Property Disposal office

— Defense Research office

— Defense Staff office

— District Transportation office

— division ammunition office

— division army post office

— divisional office

— Equal Employment Opportunity office

— Executive office for the National Military Representative

— Executive office of the Secretary

— executive office

— Facilities Engineering office

— Facilities Supply office

— Field Buying office

— field personnel office

— field post office

— Fleet Post office

— forces post office

— Foreign Liaison office

— General Accounting office

— general military training office

— General Post office

— general reference office

— Graves Registration office

— High Energy Laser Systems office

— Highway Regulating office

— Housing office

— housing referral office

— Human Resources Research office

— Information office

— Information Tour and Travel office

— Inspection office

— intelligence office

— Intelligence-Producing office

— Joint Allied Military Petroleum office

— Joint Area Petroleum office

— law-enforcement office

— liaison office

— local recruiting office

— Logistical Assistance office

— Maintenance Interservice Support Management office

— Management Information Systems office

— medical regulating office

— Metropolitan Information office

— Military District Administrative office

— Military Personnel office

— Military Planning office

— military post office

— Military Satellite Communications office

— Munitions Control office

— National Intelligence Tasking office

— National Reconnaissance office

— NATO Airborne Early Warning Projects office

— Naval Aviation Engineering office

— Navy Information office

— Navy office

— Nuclear Cataloguing office

— office Director of Organization and Training

— office for Dependents' Medical Care

— office for the Freedom of Information

— office of Chief of Public Affairs

— office of Chief QM

— office of Chief Signal Officer

— office of Civil Defense

— office of Civil Operations

— office of Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services

— office of Civilian Manpower Management

— office of Communication Systems

— office of Community Services

— office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization

— office of Defense Cooperation

— office of Defense Management and Organization

— office of Defense Manpower

— office of Director of Intelligence

— office of Emergency Planning

— office of Emergency Preparedness

— office of Emergency Service

— office of Guided Missiles

— office of Industrial Personnel Access Authorization Review

— office of Industrial Relations

— office of Industrial Security

— office of Military Government for Berlin Sector

— office of Military Government

— office of Military Instruction

— office of Military Leadership

— office of Naval Administration

— office of Naval Inspector General

— office of Naval Inspectors of Ordnance

— office of Naval Intelligence

— office of Naval Operations

— office of Naval Research

— office of Naval Reserve

— office of Naval Warfare

— office of Naval Weapons

— office of Naval Weather Service

— office of NBC Warfare

— office of Ocean Affairs

— office of origin

— office of Personnel

— office of Planning and Management

— office of Primary Concern

— office of Primary Responsibility

— office of Procurement and Materiel

— office of Procurement and Policy

— office of Program Appraisal

— office of Regional and Political Analysis

— office of Research Analysis

— office of Reserve Components

— office of Safety and Nuclear Surety

— office of Security Police

— office of Security Review

— office of Selective Service Records

— office of SIGINT

— office of Space Systems

— office of Special Investigations

— office of Special Weapons Development

— office of Strategic Information

— office of Strategic Offensive and Defensive Systems

— office of Strategic Plans

— office of Support Services

— office of Systems and Financial Management

— office of Technical Information

— office of Technical Services

— office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense/Public Affairs

— office of the Chief Chemical Officer

— office of the Chief of CW Service

— office of the Chief of Finance

— office of the Chief of Information

— office of the Chief of Military History

— office of the Chief of Naval Operations

— office of the Chief of Special Warfare

— office of the Chief of Support Services

— office of the Chief Signal Officer

— office of the Chief Surgeon

— office of the Commanding General

— office of the Deputy COFS for Logistics

— office of the Deputy COFS for Military Operations

— office of the Deputy COFS for Personnel

— office of the Deputy COFS

— office of the Director of Civilian Marksmanship

— office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering

— office of the Director of Weapons Systems Analysis

— office of the Director

— office of the Field Directorate and Ammunition Plants

— office of the General Purchasing Agent

— office of the JCS

— office of the Judge Advocate General

— office of the Oceanographer of the Navy

— office of the Provost Marshal General

— office of the QM

— office of the Scientific Adviser

— office of the Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs

— office of the Secretary of Defense

— office of the Secretary of the Air Force

— office of the Secretary of the Army

— office of the Secretary of the Navy

— office of the Secretary to the Staff

— office of the Secretary

— office of the Surgeon General

— office of the Under Secretary of the Army

— office of the US Army Attache

— office of Weapons Intelligence

— office QM General

— operations office

— Physical Education office

— Planning and Administrative office

— Political-Military Affairs office

— Preparedness office

— Program Analysis and Evaluation office

— Program Planning office

— project manager office

— Public Affairs office

— Public Information office

— Public Relations office

— Records office

— recruiting office

— regional office

— replacements allocation office

— Resources Management office

— Retirement Services office

— Royal Marine office

— SAC Project office

— Secretary of the Army office

— Security office

— Soldiers' Record office

— staff office

— Strategic Technology office

— sub-post office

— Summing-Up Evaluation office

— support control office

— Survivable Communications office

— Survivor Assistance office

— System Analysis office

— Systems Program office

— Traffic Control office

— Training Aid Service office

— US Army Commercial Communications office

— War office

— Weapons System Analysis office

English-Russian military dictionary > office
8 director

начальник (управления, службы, отдела) ; руководитель; директор; ( центральный) прибор управления огнем; прибор управления артиллерийским зенитным огнем, ПУАЗО; целеуказатель; оператор наведения; пункт [самолет, корабль] наведения; ретранслятор; буссоль

Assistant director, Review and Analysis — помощник начальника управления по проверке и анализу (контрактов) (МО)

Deputy CIA director, Essential Elements of Information — заместитель директора ЦРУ по постановке основных задач сбора разведывательной информации

Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Administration, Evaluation and Management — заместитель начальника управления НИОКР МО по административным вопросам, вопросам оценки и управления

Deputy director, Contract Administration Services — заместитель начальника службы по контролю за исполнением контрактов (МО)

Deputy director, Strategic and Naval Warfare Systems — заместитель начальника управления по стратегическим и морским системам оружия (МО)

Deputy director, Tactical Air and Land Warfare Systems — заместитель начальника управления по тактическим авиационным и наземным системам оружия (МО)

Deputy director, Test Facilities and Resources — заместитель начальника управления по испытательному оборудованию и ресурсам (МО)

director EW and C3 Countermeasures — начальник управления РЭБ и мер противодействия системам руководства, управления и связи (МО)

director for C3 Policy — начальник управления разработки программ руководства, управления и связи (МО)

director for Operations, Joint Staff — начальник оперативного управления объединенного штаба (КНШ)

director for Plans and Policy, Joint Staff — начальник управления планирования и строительства ВС объединенного штаба;

director of Administrative Services, Joint Staff — начальник административного управления объединенного штаба

director of C2 and Telecommunications — начальник управления систем оперативного управления и связи

director of Civilian Marksmanship, National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice — начальник управления стрелковой подготовки гражданского персонала Национального комитета содействия развитию стрелкового спорта (СВ)

director of Manning (Army) — Бр. начальник управления комплектования (СВ)

director of Research, Development, Test and Evaluation — начальник управления НИОКР, испытаний и оценок

director, Acquisition and Support Planning — начальник управления закупок (военной техники) и планирования МТО (МО)

director, Administrative Support Group — начальник группы административного обеспечения (СВ)

director, Admiralty Marine Technology Establishment — Бр. начальник управления разработки боевой техники МП

director, Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment — Бр. начальник управления разработки систем надводного оружия ВМС

director, African Region — начальник управления стран Африки (МО)

director, Air National Guard — директор штаба НГ ВВС

director, Air Vehicles Technology — начальник управления разработки авиационных транспортных систем (МО)

director, Air Warfare — начальник управления авиационных систем оружия (МО)

director, Army Air Corps — Бр. начальник управления армейской авиации СВ

director, Army Aviation — начальник управления армейской авиации

director, Army Council of Review Boards — председатель совета СВ по контролю за деятельностью апелляционных комиссий

director, Army Medical Services — Бр. начальник медицинской службы СВ

director, Army National Guard — директор штаба НГ СВ

director, Army Programs — начальник управления разработки программ СВ

director, C3 Resources — начальник управления разработки систем руководства, управления и связи (МО)

director, Chemical Defence Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ средств химической защиты

director, Civil Affairs — начальник управления по связям с гражданской администрацией и населением

director, Civilian Employees Security Program — начальник службы контрразведывательной проверки гражданского персонала (СВ)

director, Combat Support — начальник управления боевого обеспечения (МО)

director, Communications Systems — начальник управления систем связи (МО)

director, Contracts and Systems Acquisition — начальник управления заключения контрактов и закупок систем оружия и военной техники (МО)

director, Coordination and Analysis — начальник управления координации и анализа

director, Counterintelligence and Investigative Programs — начальник управления программ контрразведки и специальных расследований (МО)

director, Cruise Missile Systems — начальник управления систем КР (МО)

director, Defence Operational Analysis Establishment — Бр. начальник военнонаучного управления МО

director, Defense Research and Engineering — начальник управления НИОКР МО

director, Defense Sciences — начальник научно-исследовательского управления МО

director, Defense Supply Service-Washington — начальник службы снабжения зоны Вашингтона в МО

director, Defense Telephone Service-Washington — начальник телефонной службы зоны Вашингтона в МО

director, Defense Test and Evaluation — начальник управления МО по испытанию и оценке (оружия и военной техники)

director, DIA — начальник разведывательного управления МО

director, Directed Energy Programs — начальник управления программ использования направленной энергии (МО)

director, Doctrine, Organization and Training — начальник управления разработки доктрин, вопросов организации и боевой подготовки

director, DOD SALT Task Force — председатель рабочей группы МО по вопросам переговоров в рамках ОС В

director, East Asia and Pacific Region — начальник управления стран Восточной Азии и Тихого океана (МО)

director, Electronics and Physical Sciences — начальник управления по электронике и естественным наукам (МО)

director, Engineering Technology — начальник управления проектно-конструкторских работ (МО)

director, Environmental and Life Sciences — начальник управления экологических и биологических наук (МО)

director, Equipment Applications — начальник управления по изучению применения техники (в войсках)

director, Facilities Engineering — начальник инженерно-строительного управления

director, Far East/Middle East/Southern Hemisphere Affairs — начальник управления стран Дальнего Востока, Среднего Востока и Южного полушария (МО)

director, Federal Bureau of Investigation — директор ФБР

director, Field Maintenance — начальник службы полевого технического обслуживания и ремонта

director, Foreign Military Rights Affairs — начальник управления по делам прав иностранных государств в военной области (МО)

director, General Purpose Forces Policy — начальник управления разработки вопросов строительства сил общего назначения

director, Health Resources — начальник управления ресурсов здравоохранения

director, Information Processing Technique — начальник управления систем обработки информации (МО)

director, Information Security — начальник управления обеспечения секретности информации (МО)

director, Information Systems — начальник управления АИС

director, Installations — начальник управления строительства

director, Intelligence Resources — начальник управления изучения ресурсов разведки (МО)

director, Inter-American Region — начальник управления по межамериканским делам

director, International Economic Affairs — начальник управления по международным экономическим делам (МО)

director, International Military Staff — начальник международного объединенного штаба (НАТО)

director, Joint Staff — начальник секретариата объединенного штаба (КНШ)

director, Joint Tactical Communications (TRI-TAC) Program — начальник отдела работ по программе использования единой тактической системы связи (ТРИ-ТАК)

director, Judge Advocate Division — начальник отдела военно-юридической службы (МП)

director, Land Warfare — начальник управления наземных систем оружия (МО)

director, Legislative Liaison — начальник отдела по связям с законодательными органами (ВВС)

director, Legislative Reference Service — начальник справочной юридической службы (МО)

director, Major Weapon Systems Acquisition — начальник управления закупок основных систем оружия (МО)

director, Marine Corps Reserve — начальник отдела по вопросам резерва МП

director, Materiel Acquisition Policy — начальник управления разработки планов закупок оружия и военной техники (МО)

director, Materiel Requirements — начальник отдела определения потребностей в оружии и военной технике

director, Medical Plans and Resources — начальник управления ресурсов и планов медицинского обеспечения (ВВС)

director, Military Assistance Office — Бр. начальник управления по оказанию военной помощи иностранным государствам (СВ)

director, Military Survey — Бр. начальник топографического управления (СВ)

director, Military Technology — начальник управления военной технологии (МО)

director, Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment — Бр. начальник управления БМ и инженерной техники

director, National Intelligence Systems — начальник управления национальных систем разведки (МО)

director, NATO/European Affairs — начальник управления по делам НАТО и стран Европы (МО)

director, Naval Laboratories — начальник управления научно-исследовательских лабораторий ВМС

director, Near Eastern and South Asian Region — начальник управления стран Ближнего Востока и Южной Азии (МО)

director, Negotiations Policy — начальник управления разработки планов ведения переговоров (МО)

director, Net Assessment — начальник управления всесторонней оценки программ (МО)

director, NSA — директор АНБ

director, Offensive and Space Systems — начальник управления космических средств и систем наступательного оружия (МО)

director, Office of Congressional Travel/Security Clearances — начальник отдела организации поездок членов Конгресса и оформления допуска к секретным материалам (МО)

director, Office of Dependents Schools — начальник отдела по вопросам воспитания и образования детей военнослужащих (МО)

director, Office of Research and Administration — начальник управления НИР и административного обеспечения (МО)

director, Operations — начальник оперативного управления [отдела]

director, Personnel and Employment Service-Washington — начальник отдела кадров для гражданских служащих зоны Вашингтона (СВ)

director, Personnel Council — председатель совета по делам ЛС (ВВС)

director, Personnel Plans — начальник управления планирования подготовки ЛС (ВВС)

director, Personnel Programs — начальник управления разработки программ использования ЛС (ВВС)

director, Planning and Health Policy Analysis — начальник управления планирования и развития здравоохранения (МО)

director, Planning and Requirements Review — начальник управления планирования и анализа потребностей (МО)

director, Planning — начальник управления планирования (МО)

director, Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ

director, Policy Research — начальник управления политических исследований (МО)

director, Program Control and Administration — начальник управления по административным вопросам и контролю за выполнением программ

director, Program Management — начальник управления по руководству разработкой программ (МО)

director, R&D and Procurement — начальник отдела НИОКР и заготовок

director, Religious Education — руководитель отделения [секции] религиозного образования (СВ)

director, Resource Management Office — начальник отдела управления ресурсами (СВ)

director, Royal Aircraft Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ авиационной техники

director, Royal Armament R&D Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ вооружений

director, Royal Armored Corps — Бр. начальник бронетанковых войск

director, Royal Artillery — Бр. начальник артиллерийского управления

director, Royal Signals and Radar Establishments — Бр. директор НИЦ средств связи и РЛ техники

director, SALT/Arms Control Support Group — начальник группы обеспечения переговоров в рамках ОСВ по контролю над вооружениями

director, Security Assistance Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ военной помощи иностранным государствам

director, Security Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ обеспечения безопасности (МО)

director, Space Activities Office — начальник управления космических программ (МО)

director, Space and Building Management Service-Washington — начальник службы эксплуатации объектов зоны Вашингтона (СВ)

director, Space Systems — начальник управления космических систем (ВВС)

director, Special Projects — начальник управления специальных проектов (МО)

director, Special Studies — начальник управления специальных НИР

director, Special Weapons — начальник управления специальных видов оружия

director, Strategic and Theater C2 Systems — начальник управления разработки систем руководства и управления ВС в стратегическом масштабе и на ТВД

director, Strategic Forces Policy — начальник управления разработки вопросов развития стратегических сил

director, Strategic Planning — начальник отдела стратегического планирования

director, Strategic Plans — начальник отдела стратегического планирования

director, Strategic Policy — начальник управления разработки стратегических проблем (МО)

director, Strategic Technology — начальник управления разработки стратегических систем оружия (МО)

director, Studies and Analyses Staff — начальник отдела исследований и анализа (СВ)

director, Surveillance and Warning — начальник управления систем наблюдения и оповещения (МО)

director, Tactical Intelligence Systems — начальник управления тактических систем разведки (МО)

director, Tactical Technology — начальник управления разработки тактических систем оружия (МО)

director, Technology and Arms Transfer Policy — начальник управления разработки основ передачи военной технологии и вооружений

director, Technology Trade — начальник управления по торговым операциям в области технологии

director, Territorial Army and Cadets — Бр. начальник управления территориальной армии и кадетских организаций

director, Theater Nuclear Force Policy — начальник управления разработки программ развития ядерных сил на ТВД

director, Underwater Weapons Projects — Бр. начальник отдела разработки проектов подводного оружия

director, USAF Judiciary — начальник отдела судопроизводства ВВС США

director, Washington Headquarters Services — начальник административноштабной службы зоны Вашингтона

director, Weapons (Production) — Бр. начальник управления по производству систем оружия

director, Women's RAF — Бр. начальник женской вспомогательной службы ВВС

director, Women's Royal Naval Service — Бр. начальник женской вспомогательной службы ВМС

Executive director, Industrial Security — начальник управления обеспечения сохранения военной тайны на промышленных предприятиях (МО)

Executive director, Quality Assurance — начальник управления обеспечения качества (продукции МО)

Executive director, Technical and Logistics Services — начальник управления служб МТО (МО)

Managing director, Royal Ordnance Factories — Бр. начальник управления военных заводов

Principal director Office of the Deputy Under-Secretary, Policy Planning — начальник управления [первый помощник заместителя МО] по планированию военно-политических программ

Staff director, Installation Services and Environmental Protection — начальник управления обслуживания объектов и защиты окружающей среды (МО)

Staff director, Management Review — начальник управления анализа организационных проблем (МО)

Staff director, Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization — начальник управления по связям с мелкими и льготными предприятиями (МО)

Vice director, Management and Operations Defense Intelligence Agency — первый заместитель начальника разведывательного управления МО по вопросам руководства операциями

— AA director

— artillery director

— assistant deputy director

— Assistant director of Ordnance Stores

— assistant director

— Associate director for Financial and Manpower Audits

— Associate director for Intelligence and Communications Audits

— Associate director for Special Program Audits

— CIA director

— Deputy Assistant director of Ordnance Stores

— deputy assistant director

— deputy associate director

— Deputy director for Advanced Technology

— Deputy director for Research

— Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Electronics and Information Systems

— Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Research and Technology

— Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Strategic and Space Systems

— Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Tactical Warfare Programs

— Deputy director of Ordnance Stores

— deputy director

— director for Administrative Support

— director for Audiovisual Management Policy

— director for Community Relations

— director for Counterintelligence and Security Policy

— director for Defense Information

— director for External Affairs

— director for Freedom of Information and Security Review

— director for Industrial Security Clearance Review

— director for Intelligence Policy

— director for Legislative Liaison

— director for Logistics Joint Staff

— director for Management

— director for Public Affairs

— director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence

— director for Tactical Operations

— director of Administration

— director of Administrative Planning

— director of Admission

— director of Armament Development

— director of Army Contracts

— director of Army Education

— director of Army Legal Services

— director of Army Medicine and Consulting Physician to the Army

— director of Army Pathology and Consulting Pathologist

— director of Army Physical Training Corps

— director of Army Postal Services

— director of Army Quartering

— director of Army Recruiting

— director of Army Royal Signals

— director of Army Staff Duties director

— director of Army Surgery and Consulting Surgeon to the Army

— director of Army Technical Information

— director of Army Training

— director of Army Welfare and Education

— director of Budget

— director of Central Intelligence

— director of Civil Law

— director of Civilian Personnel

— director of Combat Development

— director of Computer Resources

— director of Construction

— director of Contracting and Acquisition Policy

— director of Cost and Management Analysis

— director of Defense Program Analysis and Evaluation

— director of Development and Programming

— director of Economic Adjustment

— director of Education

— director of Engineer Stores

— director of Engineering and Housing

— director of Engineering and Services

— director of Equipment and Requirements

— director of Estimates

— director of European Interallied Planning

— director of Evaluation

— director of Foreign Intelligence

— director of Fortifications and Works

— director of Graves Registration

— director of HQ Support

— director of Industrial Operations

— director of Infantry

— director of Instruction

— director of Intelligence

— director of International Logistics

— director of International Programs

— director of Joint Intelligence Bureau

— director of Logistics Plans and Programs

— director of Logistics

— director of Maintenance and Supply

— director of Maintenance

— director of Management and Resources

— director of Management and Support of Intelligence

— director of Manpower and Organization

— director of Manpower Planning

— director of Marine Corps History and Museums

— director of Mechanical Engineering

— director of Medical Policy and Plans

— director of Military Applications

— director of Military Intelligence

— director of Military Operations

— director of Missile Intelligence

— director of Movements

— director of Munitions

— director of Music

— director of NATO Standardization

— director of Naval Administration

— director of Naval Dental Services

— director of Naval Intelligence

— director of Naval Reserve

— director of Naval Ship Production

— director of Naval Warfare

— director of Navy Program Planning

— director of Officers Assignments

— director of Operational Requirements

— director of Operational Training

— director of Operations Air Defence

— director of Operations Air Transport

— director of Operations and Readiness

— director of Operations Division

— director of Ordnance Stores

— director of Organization and Training

— director of Personal Services

— director of Personnel Administration

— director of Personnel and Community Affairs

— director of Personnel and Security

— director of Personnel

— director of Plans

— director of Policy Air Staff

— director of Postings and Careers Kan

— director of Postings

— director of Procurement Policy

— director of Program Analysis and Evaluation

— director of Program Integration

— director of Programs

— director of Public Affairs

— director of Public Relations

— director of Quartering

— director of R&D

— director of Radio Engineering

— director of Regional Activities

— director of Reserve Affairs

— director of Royal Army Dental Corps

— director of Security

— director of Service Intelligence

— director of Service

— director of Ship Design and Engineering

— director of Signals

— director of Space Systems and

— director of Strategic Target Planning

— director of Supply and Maintenance

— director of Surface Weapon Projects

— director of Tactical Investigation

— director of tactics

— director of Technical Training

— director of the Army Staff

— director of Training Plans

— director of Transportation

— director of Weapons and Development

— director of Welfare Services

— director of Works

— duty director

— executive director

— exercise director

— exercise test director

— fighter director

— fire control director

— fiscal director

— food director

— funeral director

— ground director

— gun director

— illuminating director

— intercept director

— medical director

— missile director

— National Armaments director

— optronic AA fire director

— recreation center director

— safety director

— senior air director

— Staff director for Military Personnel

— staff director

— state civil defense director

— study director

— tactical air director

— TV AA fire director

— TV-laser AA fire director

— Vice director

— war game director

— weapons director

English-Russian military dictionary > director
9 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
10 law

1) право ( в объективном смысле)

2) закон

3) общее право

4) судебная процедура

5) юстиция; юристы

•

according to law — в соответствии с правом, с законом; правомерно | соответствующий праву, закону; правомерный, законный;

laws (and customs) of war — см. law of war;

law and order — правопорядок;

law and usage of Parliament — парламентский обычай;

law as amended — закон в изменённой редакции;

law as fact — право как факт, право как сущее;

law as norm — право как норма, право как должное;

at law — в соответствии с правом, в силу права, в области права; в рамках общего права;

law Christian — церковное право;

contrary to law — в противоречии с правом; в противоречии с законом | противоречащий праву; противоречащий закону;

law due to expire — закон с истекающим сроком действия;

law for the time being — закон, действующий в настоящее время;

law in force — 1. действующее право 2. действующий закон;

in law — по закону;

contemplation in law — 1. юридически значимые намерения, цель 2. точка зрения закона;

law is silent — закон молчит ( не предусматривает данную ситуацию);

law in vigour — действующий закон;

law martial — военное положение;

law merchant — торговое право; обычное торговое право;

law spiritual — церковное право;

law temporal — светское право ( в противоположность церковному);

to be in trouble with the law — вступить в конфликт с законом;

to carry law into effect — ввести закон в действие;

to clarify the law — разъяснить смысл правовой нормы, закона;

to consult the law — обратиться за разъяснением к закону; обратиться за консультацией к юристу, к адвокату;

to continue existing law — продлевать действие существующей правовой нормы, закона;

to create new law — создавать новую правовую норму; принимать (новый) закон;

to elaborate the law — разрабатывать закон;

to emerge as law — обретать силу закона;

to get into difficulty with the law — вступить в конфликт с законом;

to go to law — обратиться к правосудию;

to keep law current — модернизировать право, закон;

to make laws — законодательствовать;

to practice law — заниматься юридической [адвокатской] практикой;

to provide for by law — предусмотреть законом, узаконить;

to restate the law — переформулировать, перередактировать правовую норму, закон;

to stand to the law — предстать перед судом;

to strain the law — допустить натяжку в истолковании закона;

to teach law — преподавать право;

law unacted upon — закон, который не соблюдается;

within the law — в рамках закона, в пределах закона

law of international economic relations — право международных экономических отношений

law of international organizations — право, регулирующее деятельность международных организаций

law of the Constable and Marshall — военное положение

international law in vertical space — международное воздушное право

international medical and humanitarian law — международное медицинское и гуманитарное право

- law of agency
- law of arms
- law of civil procedure
- law of conflict of laws
- law of conflict
- law of contract
- law of copyright
- law of corrections
- law of crimes
- law of crime
- law of criminal procedure
- law of domestical relations
- law of domestic relations
- law of employment
- law of equity
- law of evidence
- law of God
- law of honour
- law of industrial relations
- law of international trade
- law of landlord and tenant
- law of marriage
- law of master and servant
- law of merchants
- law of merchant shipping
- law of nations
- law of nature
- law of neighbouring tenements
- law of obligation
- law of outer space
- law of peace
- law of personal property
- law of persons
- law of power
- law of practice
- law of prize
- law of procedure
- law of property
- law of quasi-contract
- law of real property
- law of shipping
- law of substance
- law of succession
- law of taxation
- law of the air
- law of the case
- law of the church
- law of the Constitution
- law of the court
- law of the flag
- law of the land
- law of the sea
- law of the situs
- law of the staple
- law of torts
- law of treaties
- law of trusts
- law of war
- abnormal law
- absolute law
- actual law
- adjective law
- adjective patent law
- administrative law
- admiralty law
- admitted law
- agrarian law
- air carriage law
- ambassadorial law
- American Indian law
- American international law
- Antarctic law
- anti-corrupt practices laws
- antipollution laws
- anti-trust laws
- antiunion laws
- applicable law
- applied law
- bad law
- banking law
- basic law
- binding law
- blue law
- blue sky laws
- Brehon laws
- broken law
- business law
- canon law
- case law
- census disclosure law
- church law
- cited law
- civil law
- club law
- commercial law
- commitment law
- common law
- company law
- comparative law
- compiled laws
- congressional law
- conservation laws
- consolidated laws
- conspiracy law
- constitutional law
- consuetudinary law
- consular law
- continental law
- contract law
- conventional law
- conventional international law
- copyright law
- corporate law
- criminal law
- crown law
- current law
- customary law
- customary international law
- customs law
- decisional law
- diplomatic law
- discriminating law
- discriminatory law
- domestic law
- domiciliary law
- dormant law
- draft law
- dry law
- ecclesiastical law
- economic law
- educational law
- effective law
- efficacious law
- election law
- emergency laws
- employment law
- enacted law
- enforceable law
- enrolled law
- environmental law
- equity law
- established law
- exchange law
- exclusion laws
- executive law
- executively inspired law
- existing law
- ex post facto law
- extradition laws
- extradition law
- factory laws
- factory law
- fair employment practices law
- fair trade laws
- family law
- fecial law
- federal law
- feudal law
- finance law
- fiscal law
- foreign law
- formal law
- free law
- French Canadian law
- fundamental law
- game laws
- general law
- generally applicable law
- gibbet law
- good law
- group law
- Halifax law
- harsh law
- health laws
- highway laws
- highway traffic law
- homestead laws
- housing law
- hovering laws
- humanitarian law
- immutable law
- industrial law
- industrial property case law
- inheritance law
- inner comparative law
- insurance law
- interlocal criminal law
- internal law
- internal-revenue law
- international law
- international law of the sea
- international administrative law
- international conventional law
- international criminal law
- international fluvial law
- international public law
- interpersonal law
- interstate law
- intertemporal law
- intestate laws
- introduced law
- Jim Crow laws
- judaic law
- judge-made law
- judicial law
- judiciary law
- labour relations law
- labour law
- land law
- legislation law
- licensing law
- living law
- Lynch law
- magisterial law
- maritime law
- market law
- marriage law
- martial law
- matrimonial law
- mercantile law
- military law
- mining law
- mob law
- model law
- modern law
- Mohammedan law
- moral law
- municipal law
- national law
- nationality law
- natural law
- naval law
- naval prize law
- neutrality laws
- new law
- no-fault law
- nondiscriminating law
- nondiscriminatory law
- non-enacted law
- nuclear law
- obscenity law
- obsolete law
- occupational safety laws
- official law
- official session law volume
- old law
- organic law
- original law
- ostensible law
- outmoded law
- pamphlet laws
- parliamentary law
- pass law
- passed law
- patent law
- penal law
- permissive law
- personal law
- personal law of origin
- police law
- political law
- poor laws
- positive law
- present law
- prevailing law
- preventive martial law
- prima facie law
- primary law
- prior law
- prison laws
- privacy law
- private law
- private international law
- privilege law
- prize law
- procedural law
- procedural criminal law
- promulgated law
- proper law of the contract
- property law
- proposed law
- provincial law
- public law
- public contract law
- punitive law
- quarantine laws
- real property law
- real law
- regional international law
- relevant law
- remedial law
- retroactive law
- retrospective law
- revenue laws
- road laws
- road transport law
- Roman Civil law
- Roman law
- safety laws
- sea law
- secular law
- session law
- settled law
- slip law
- social security law
- social law
- sound law
- space law
- special law
- speed law
- standing law
- state law
- state-use law
- state-wide law
- statute law
- stringent law
- subsidiary law
- succession law
- sumptuary laws
- Sunday closing laws
- superior law
- supreme law of the land
- tacit law
- tariff law
- tax law
- territorial law
- trade laws
- traditional law
- traffic laws
- transnational law
- treaty law
- unalterable law
- unenforceable law
- unified laws
- uniform law
- ununified laws
- unwritten law
- unwritten constitutional law
- vagrancy laws
- wage and hour laws
- war law
- welfare laws
- wildlife law
- working law
- written law
- written constitutional law
- zoning law
- electoral law
- financial law
- indefeasible law
- merchant law
- statutory law

Англо-русский юридический словарь > law
11 plan

план; замысел; порядок; система; плановая таблица; планировать; организовывать

ground tactical (landing) plan — план действий (воздушного десанта) после десантирования

logistical capability plan, fiscal year — план возможностей тылового обеспечения на финансовый год

visible (light) illumination plan — план освещения (поля боя) видимым светом

— administrative plan

— affiliation plan

— affirmative actions plan

— air assault operation ground plan

— air assault operation landing plan

— air assault operation staging plan

— Air Force mobilization plan

— air plan

— airborne corps operation plan

— aircraft allocation plan

— airmobile team air movement plan

— airspace coordination plan

— airspace management plan

— alert recall plan

— alternative plan

— ammunition plan

— amphibian vehicle employment plan

— amphibious vehicle employment plan

— antiairborne plan

— anticoup plan

— antiguerrilla plan

— area damage control plan

— armed helicopter fire plan

— Army materiel plan

— Army mobilization plan

— artillery fire support plan

— artillery quick fire support plan

— assembly plan

— asset utilization plan

— battle plan

— beach development plan

— buildup plan

— campaign plan

— canned plan

— CAS plan

— CBR plan

— chemical contaminations plan

— chemical fire plan

— chemical fire support plan

— chemical operations plan

— circulation plan

— civil alarm plan

— collection plan

— combat plan

— combat support plan

— combat surveillance plan

— commissioning from ranks plan

— communications plan

— communications/electronics plan

— community transition plan

— composite launch sequence plan

— configuration management plan

— contingency operations plan

— contingent operations plan

— continuity of operations plan

— counterambush plan

— cover-up plan

— craft-loading plan

— crisis relocation plan

— current defense plans

— daily patrol plan

— day plan

— D-day naval gunfire plan

— deception plan

— defense buildup plan

— deferred-payment plan

— denial plan

— deployment plan

— depot plan

— derived plan

— development cost plan

— development plan

— electronic surveillance plan

— emergency attack plan

— emergency defense plan

— emergency destruction plan for classified material

— emergency evacuation plan

— emergency plan

— emission control plan

— engineer plan

— European area communications plan

— exercise outline plan

— facility utilization plan

— fallout survey plan

— fire plan

— fire-fighting plan

— five-year defense plan

— force alignment plan

— force development plan

— Force Modernization Master plan

— force structuring plan

— hasty fire plan

— illumination plan

— immunization plan

— implementation plan

— implementing plan

— industrial mobilization plan

— information distribution plan

— initial movement plan

— Joint Command Operational plan

— joint plan

— joint strategic capabilities plan

— joint strategic objectives plan

— joint support plan

— landing and approach plan

— launch sequence plan

— light plan

— limited nuclear operations plan

— limited war plan

— link-up plan

— logistical plan

— logistics master plan

— march plan

— maritime contingency force plan

— marshaling plan

— master lesson plan

— master plan

— materiel fielding plan

— medical plan

— medicare plan

— men university training plan

— messing plan

— military R&D plan

— minefield location plan

— mobility plan

— mobilization assignment training plan

— mobilization plan

— motor march plan

— movement control plan

— movement plan

— multiyear defense plan

— national weapons acquisition plan

— NATO Nuclear Modernization plan

— naval gunfire plan

— net plan

— new equipment distribution plan

— nuclear ammunition distribution plan

— nuclear evacuation plan

— nuclear fire plan

— nuclear fire support plan

— nuclear first-strike plan

— nuclear operations plan

— nuclear strike plan

— obstacle plan

— officer career development plan

— officer's sleeping plan

— officers university training plan

— on-call counterfire plan

— operational logistic plan

— operational plan

— operations plan in concept format

— operations plan

— ordnance plan

— outline plan

— package disarmament plan

— patrol plan

— personnel allocation plan

— phased attack plan

— pilot plan

— post-attack immunization plan

— preassault nuclear fire plan

— pre-D-day naval gunfire plan

— priority strike plan

— procurement plan

— quick fire plan

— radio plan

— radio trunking plan

— rapid reinforcement plan

— real world crisis evaluation plan

— rear area defense plan

— rear area protection plan

— rear area security plan

— Red Integrated Strategic Operations plan

— reduced tactical communications plan

— regular officer training plan

— reinforced theater plan

— reorganization plan

— requirement development plan

— restricted fire plan

— restrictive fire plan

— Retired Serviceman's Family Protection plan

— road movement plan

— seating plan

— selective employment plan

— ship's loading plan

— single integrated operational plan

— strategic capabilities plan

— strategic integrated operational plan

— strategic mobilization plan

— strategic objectives plan

— strategic plan

— strike plan

— subordinate plan

— support plan to continuity of operation

— support plan

— surveillance plan

— survey plan

— system development plan

— system engineering management plan

— tactical cover plan

— tactical mobilization plan

— tactical plan

— target servicing plan

— tentative plan

— timed serial fire plan

— track plan

— traffic control plan

— traffic plan

— training evaluation plan

— training plan

— transportation and highway regulation plan

— troop messing plan

— unit warning plan

— upgrade a plan

— US Army Communications Frequency plan

— US Joint Military Frequency Allocation plan

— vehicle evacuation plan

— war plan

— wartime stationing plan

— weapon destruction plan

— weapon system development plan

English-Russian military dictionary > plan
12 program

программа; план; задача; составлять программу [план]; планировать; программировать, задавать программу (напр. ЭВМ)

counter-air 90 program — программа борьбы с авиацией противника в 90-е годы

morale, welfare and recreation program — программа мероприятий по бытовому обеспечению, организации отдыха и развлечений

rationalization, standardization and interoperability program — программа рационализации, стандартизации и интероперабельности (оборудования)

telecommunications and C2 program — программа создания систем руководства, управления и (дальней) связи

— absent-without-leave official apprehension program

— absent-without-leave official prevention program

— academic program

— advancement-in-training program

— aerospace systems security program

— affiliation program

— aircraft updating program

— armed forces health professions scholarships program

— arms program

— Army community service program

— Army extension course program

— army helicopter improvement program

— Army new thrusts program

— Army readiness and training evaluation program

— associate-degree program

— augmentation program

— cadet appointment program

— capital substitution for labor program

— career category program

— career program

— Central Region Communications Improvement program

— character guidance program

— civil damage assessment program

— civil/defense disposal program

— Claims Administrative Management program

— classification management program

— clothing exchange program

— colocating operating base program

— command crime prevention program

— command information program

— communications improvement program

— community life program

— community relations program

— community service program

— competitive marksmanship program

— compile a program

— comprehensive disarmament program

— compulsory immunization program

— computer software program

— concurrent development program

— consolidated intelligence program

— contingency planning facilities list program

— cooperative weapons acquisition program

— counterbattery program

— counterinsurgency program

— counterintelligence screening program

— countersuppression program

— crash program

— damage-limiting strategic defense program

— deception program

— defense development and production sharing program

— defense development exchange program

— defense language program

— Defense Meteorological Satellite program

— defense military intelligence program

— defense program

— Defense Reconnaissance Support program

— Defense Support program

— defer a program

— deficiency program

— delayed-entry enlistment program

— dependent medical care program

— distinguished military graduate program

— document updating program

— dual cycle rifle program

— early-out program

— education incentive program

— electromagnetic compatibility program

— emergency immunization program

— enlisted attrition reduction program

— enlisted college training program

— enlisted management program

— enlistment testing program

— entertainment program

— equal employment opportunity program

— excess defense articles program

— extender training program

— fallout shelter survey program

— far-term military program

— feasibility validation program

— Federal Legal Information Through Electronics program

— fire a program

— fires program

— Five-Year Defense program

— flexibility program

— Force development test and experimentation program

— Force modernization program

— foreign area specialist training program

— Foreign Exchange program

— foreign language proficiency program

— Foreign Military Sales Credit program

— Foreign Military Sales program

— full time manning program

— General Defense Intelligence program

— general educational development program

— guest speaker program

— gun program

— hardening program

— high-technical risk development program

— hold a program in abeyance

— homebasing/advanced assignment program

— honors program

— hospital program

— Human Reliability program

— immunoprophylaxis emergency program

— Improved Conventional Munitions program

— indefinite category active duty program

— indoctrination program

— Industrial Facilities Protection program

— integrated logistic support program

— International Military Education and Training program

— International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation program

— Inter-Service Data Exchange program

— Joint Air Attack Team Tactics program

— Joint Attack Weapon System program

— Joint Second Echelon Interdiction program

— Joint Services Small Arms program

— Joint Surveillance System program

— Labor Surplus Area Contracting program

— layaway program

— life extension program

— long-term defense program

— major new arms program

— majors program

— Master Care Group Health Insurance program

— master training program

— medical program

— medical remedial enlistment program

— mid-term defense program

— Military Adaptation of Commercial Items program

— military advisory program

— military aid program

— Military Assistance Grant Aid program

— military assistance program

— Military Assistance Sales program

— military construction program

— military development scientific and engineering program

— military nuclear program

— Military Sponsor program

— mobile forces program

— mobilization designation program

— mobilization operating program

— mobilization training program

— mobilization troop program

— modern volunteer army program

— modernization of logistics program

— morale building program

— Mosaic Sensor program

— movement monitoring program

— movement program

— mutual defense assistance program

— mutual security program

— mutual weapons development program

— National Military program

— NATO exercise program

— North Defense Modernization program

— nuclear strike-cruiser program

— nuclear weapon program

— nuclear weapon surety program

— nuclear weapon testing program

— off-duty and on-duty education program

— off-duty information program

— offensive air support program

— officer candidate program

— officer career program

— officer procurement program

— Officer Professional Development program

— Officers' Undergraduation program

— operating program

— operational readiness test program

— Operational Test and Evaluation program

— opposing forces training program

— organization effectiveness program

— orientation program

— orientation tour program

— Other Ranks Career Development program

— overseas interchange program

— particle beam weapon program

— personal environment program

— personnel demand reduction program

— predischarge education program

— pre-punched tape training program

— preventive psychiatry program

— priority strike program

— product improvement program

— program of targets

— race relations/equal opportunities program

— Racial Awareness program

— readiness program

— reduced weight program

— repair-for-return to-user program

— Reserve components affiliation program

— retiree-support program

— security assistance sales program

— security inspection program

— security training program

— self-paced instruction program

— service life extension program

— short-term defense program

— small unit exchange program

— Space Laser Experiment Definition program

— special career program

— special enrichment program

— strategic triangle program

— Tactical Communications Satellite program

— tactical cryptologic program

— tactical evaluation program

— tactical strike program

— tactical warfare program

— technology base program

— Theater Air Base Vulnerability program

— trainee discharge program

— training program

— Trident missile submarine program

— tri-service program

— troop program

— troop welfare program

— uniformed services savings deposit program

— upgrading program

— veterans education assistance program

— war emergency program

— wartime graves registration program

— wartime information security program

— weapon-related nuclear energy program

— weapons development program

— weapons readiness analysis program

— weather modification program

— zero defects program

English-Russian military dictionary > program
13 economy

n

1) экономика, (народное) хозяйство

- intensification of economy

- mechanics of economy

- multistructural character of the economy

- size of the economy

- private sector of the economy

- public sector of the economy

- economy undergoing changes

- economy's growth rate

- interpenetration of the economies

- interdependence of economies

- further slowing of economy

- critical state of the economy

- revitalization of the economy

- revival of the economy

- independent reconstruction of the economies of the newly independent countries

- revitalize the economy

- animate the economy

- destabilize the economy

- cripple the economy

- exhaust the economy

- diagnose the economy's ills

- make economy buoyant

- keep economy depressed

- put the economy on a wartime footing

- the economy is buoyant

- economy is faltering

- economy is facing a slump

2) экономия, бережливость

- economies in labour

- economies on the social services

- practise economy

•

- economies of fuel

- viable economy

- crisis free economy

- national economy

- overheated economy

- economy of scarcity

- closed economy

- complementary economies

- shortage economy

- healthy economy

- cohesive economy

- austerity economy

- competitive economies

- advanced economy

- agricultural economy

- monetary economy

- stagnant economy

- laissez-faire economy

- low pressure economy

- full employment economy

- sick economy

- farm economy

- self-sufficient economy

- centralized economy

- private enterprise economy

- steady-state economy

- shadow economy

- recast the world economy

- military economy

- exchange economy

- developing economy

- war economy

- controlled economy

- political economy

- peacetime economy

- sagging economy

- private economy

- business economy

- multistructure economy

- major economy

- defence economy

- ailing economy

- colonialist economy

- economy of high wages

- improved performance in world economy

- developing market economies

- high employment economy

- diversified economy

- stationary economy

- multibranch economy

- expanding economy

- give rise to a shadow economy

- economies of mass research

- state-run economy

- rigorous economy

- centrally planned economy

- plan-based economy

- market economies

- unbalanced economy

- industrial economy

- rural economy

- corporate economy

- money economy

- mixed economy

- mature economies

- subsistence economy

- high pressure economy

- rigid economy

- world economy

- Western industrial economies

- developed market economies

- economy of export resources

- branch of national economy

- free enterprise economy

- root out the shadow economy

- strict economy

- market-oriented economy

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > economy
14 economy

n

1) экономика; хозяйство

2) экономия; бережливость

•

to afflict the world's economy — отрицательно влиять на мировую экономику

to animate the economy — оживлять экономику

to apply the brakes to the economy — тормозить развитие экономики

to boost the economy — ускорять развитие экономики

to bring in a market economy — вводить экономику рыночного типа

to bring the economy under control — ставить экономику под контроль

to bring the country into the global economy — делать страну частью мировой экономической системы

to build up national economy — строить / создавать национальную экономику

to convert the country's ailing economy into smth — превращать больную экономику страны во что-л.

to correct the economy — исправлять положение в экономике

to create a diversified economy — создавать многоотраслевую экономику

to cripple the economy — подрывать экономику

to deal a heavy blow to the country's economy — наносить серьезный удар по экономике страны

to derail the economy — подрывать экономику

to destabilize the economy — дестабилизировать экономику

to develop the national economy — развивать национальную экономику

to dislocate the economy — приводить экономику к разрухе

to dismantle state control of the economy — отказываться от государственного управления экономикой

to distort country's economy — придавать экономике страны однобокий характер

to embark on a market economy — начинать переход к рыночной экономике

to enter the world economy — становиться частью мировой экономической системы

to exhaust the economy — истощать экономику

to expand a country's economy — развивать экономику страны

to get a big pickup in the world economy — добиваться значительного подъема мировой экономики

to get the economy back on track — налаживать экономику

to get the economy into shape — приводить экономику в порядок

to get the economy moving — давать толчок развитию экономики

to give a temporary boost to the economy — приводить ко временному подъему в экономике

to govern the world economy — управлять мировой экономикой

to have a damping effect on economy — приводить к застою в экономике

to have a profound effect on the economy — серьезно отражаться на состоянии экономики

to have an impact on a country's economy — сказываться на экономике страны

to help a country toward a market economy — помогать переходу страны к рыночной экономике

to improve one's economy — улучшать состояние экономики

to industrialize economy — индустриализировать экономику

to inflict damage on a country's economy — наносить ущерб экономике страны

to inherit a backward economy from smb — унаследовать отсталую экономику от кого-л.

to interact with the world economy — взаимодействовать с мировой экономикой

to keep a tight control over the economy — осуществлять жесткий контроль над экономикой

to keep the economy in balance — поддерживать экономику в состоянии равновесия

to knick the economy into shape — приводить экономику в порядок

to knock a country's economy into shape — приводить в порядок экономику страны

to liberalize the economy — либерализировать экономику

to make economy buoyant — стимулировать экономический рост

to meet the needs of the national economy for smth — удовлетворять потребности национальной экономики в чем-л.

to militarize the economy — милитаризировать экономику

to mismanage a country's economy — проявлять бесхозяйственность в управлении экономикой страны

to overhaul a country's economy — приводить в порядок экономику страны

to paralyze the economy — парализовывать экономику

to place strains on a country's economy — перегружать экономику страны

to place the economy of the country under control — ставить экономику страны под контроль

to plunge the economy into chaos — ввергать экономику страны в хаос

to put the economy into shape — приводить экономику в порядок

to put the economy on the a war-time footing — переводить экономику на военные рельсы

to put the country's economy back on its feet — ставить экономику страны на ноги

to ravage the economy — подрывать экономику

to rebuild a country's economy — восстанавливать / реконструировать экономику страны

to regenerate the economy — восстанавливать экономику

to rehabilitate the war-ravaged national economy — восстанавливать разрушенную войной экономику страны

to rejuvenate the economy — восстанавливать экономику

to remodel the economy — переделывать / изменять экономику

to reshape the economy — перестраивать экономику

to restore the economy — восстанавливать экономику

to restructure the economy — перестраивать экономику

to return to a command economy — возвращаться к командным методам в экономике

to revitalize / to revive the economy — возрождать / оживлять экономику

to run the economy — управлять экономикой

to rupture the economy — разрушать экономику

to sabotage the economy — сознательно подрывать экономику

to safeguard a country's economy against smth — обезопасить экономику страны от чего-л.

to satisfy the needs of the national economy for smth — удовлетворять потребности национальной экономики в чем-л.

to shake up the economy — встряхивать экономику

to slow the economy — замедлять развитие экономики

to stabilize the economy — стабилизировать экономику

to stave off further deterioration of the economy — предотвращать дальнейший спад экономики

to steady the world economy — укреплять мировую экономику

to stimulate one's domestic economy — стимулировать рост экономики внутри страны

to strengthen the economy — укреплять экономику

to take the heat out of the economy — ослаблять экономику

to throw the economy into recession — приводить к экономическому спаду

to tighten one's economy hold — усиливать свое экономическое влияние

to transform the economy — преобразовывать экономику

to trip the economy into recession — подталкивать экономику к спаду

to turn the economy round — налаживать экономику

to undermine a country's economy — подрывать экономику страны

to weaken the economy — ослаблять экономику

- advanced economy
- adversely affected branches of economy
- agricultural economy
- ailing economy
- ailing economies of the Third World
- all-embracing economy
- appalling state of the economy
- balanced development of the branches of economy
- barter economy
- beleaguered economy
- black economy
- buoyancy in a country's economy
- buoyant economy
- business economy
- capitalist economy
- centralized economy
- centrally planned economy
- closed economy
- cohesive economy
- collapsing economy
- colonialist economy
- command economy
- commanding heights of the economy
- competitive economy
- complementary economies
- consumer economy
- controlled economy
- crippled economy
- crisis-free economy
- critical state of the economy
- day-to-day running of economy
- debt-ridden economy
- defense economy
- developed economy
- developed national economy
- developing economy
- dire state of the economy
- disrupted economy
- domestic economy
- economy catches its breath
- economy constricts
- economy expands
- economy goes deeper into crisis
- economy goes into a decline
- economy is buoyant
- economy is close to collapse
- economy is coming out of recession
- economy is crumbling
- economy is diving into a recession
- economy is facing a slump
- economy is faltering
- economy is headed upward
- economy is in a dreadful state
- economy is in a state of collapse
- economy is in bad condition
- economy is in recession
- economy is in the doldrums
- economy is not out of the woods yet
- economy is rolling downhill
- economy is sagging
- economy is seriously unbalanced
- economy is shrinking
- economy of disarmament
- economy of fuel
- economy of one-sided development
- economy of scarcity
- economy recovers
- economy undergoing charges
- economy will undergo drastic surgical measures
- economy with a high rate of growth in per capita output
- economies of industrialized countries are booming
- economies of scale
- economies on labor
- economies on social services
- emerging economy
- engineering economy
- exchange economy
- expanding economy
- fast developing economy
- flagging economy
- fragile economy
- frail economy
- free economy
- free enterprise economy
- freewheeling economy
- full employment economy
- ghost economy
- gilt-edged economy
- global economy
- gray economy
- green economy
- gross mismanagement of economy
- growth of the economy
- growth rate of the economy
- healthy economy
- high employment economy
- high interest rates further dampen down the economy
- highly developed branches of the economy
- home economy
- humane economy
- industrial economy
- inflationary pressures on the economy
- intensification of economy
- laissez-faire economy
- less centralized grip on the economy
- lop-sided economy
- low pressure economy
- major economy
- management of the economy
- market economy
- market-oriented economy
- mature economy
- mechanics of economy
- militarization of the economy
- militarized economy
- military economy
- mixed economy
- modernization of the economy
- monetary economy
- moribund economy
- multibranch economy
- multisectoral economy
- multistructrural economy
- national economy
- no-growth period of economy
- ongoing trends in the world economy
- overheated economy
- peace-time economy
- peasant economy
- plan-based economy
- planless economy
- plan-market economy
- planned economy
- pluralistic economy
- policy of economy

- political economy
- powerful economy
- private economy
- private enterprise economy
- private sector of the economy
- progressive transformation of the economy
- protected economy
- public sector of the economy
- rapid expansion of the economy
- ravaged economy
- recovery in economy
- reforming of the economy along western lines
- regulated market economy
- retooling of the national economy
- revitalization of the economy
- robber economy
- robust economy
- run-down economy
- rural economy
- sagging economy
- sane economy
- self-sustained economy
- shadow economy
- shaky economy
- shattered economy
- shift away from central control of the economy
- shift to a market economy
- sick economy
- siege economy
- simple commodity economy
- size of the economy
- slide in the economy
- slowing of economy
- sluggish economy
- socialist economy
- socialist system of economy
- socialized economy
- sound economy
- Soviet-style economy
- spaceman economy
- spontaneous economy
- stability of economy
- stagnant economy
- state of the economy

- state-monopoly economy
- state-run economy
- stationary economy
- steady-state economy
- strict economy
- strong economy
- study of world economy
- subsistence economy
- sustained growth of economy
- swift transition to market economy
- swiss-cheese economy
- switchover to a market economy
- the country's economy grew by 10 per cent
- the country's economy has been in better shape than before
- the country's economy is in a pretty bad way
- the country's economy is in dire trouble
- tottering economy
- transition to market economy
- troubled economy
- turnaround in the economy
- two interlined economies
- unbalanced economy
- under-the-table economy
- unstable economy
- viable economy
- war economy
- war-ravaged economy
- war-time economy
- weakening of the economy
- world economy

Politics english-russian dictionary > economy
15 экономика экономик·а

1) (народное хозяйство) economy, economics

восстановить / оздоровить экономику — to stage an economic recovery

вскрыть болезненные явления в экономике — to diagnose the economy's ills

дестабилизировать экономику — to destabilize the economy

истощать экономику — to exhaust the economy

модернизировать экономику — to modernize the economy

наносить урон / ущерб экономике, парализовать экономику — to cripple economy

оживить экономику — to animate / to revitalize the economy

перевести экономику на военные рельсы — to put the economy on a wartime footing

подрывать / разрушать экономику — to erode the economy

совершенствовать управление экономикой — to perfect economic management

экономика испытывает затруднения — economy is faltering

бескризисная экономика — crisis-free economy

военная — defence / military / war economy

высокоразвитая экономика — highly developed economy

вялая экономика, экономика низкой конъюнктуры — low pressure economy

государственная централизованная экономика — state centralized economy

денежная / монетарная экономика — monetary / money economy

дефицитная экономика — economy of scarcity, shortage economy

диспропорциональная экономика — unbalanced economy

дополняющие друг друга экономики (нескольких стран) — complementary economics

жизнеспособная экономика — viable economy

замкнутая / изолированная / обособленная экономика (не имеющая внешних связей) — closed economy

застойная экономика — sick / stagnant economy

здоровая экономика — healthy economy

изменяющаяся экономика — economy undergoing changes

индустриальная / промышленно развитая экономика — industrial economy

конкурирующие экономики — competitive economies

корпоративная экономика — corporate economy

маргинальная экономика — marginal economy

мировая экономика, экономика мирового хозяйства — international / world economy / economics

преобразовать мировую экономику — to recast the world economy

многоотраслевая экономика — diversified / multi-branch economy

многоукладная экономика — multistructure economy

монокультурная экономика — single-crop economy

находящаяся на спаде экономика — sagging economy

национальная экономика — national economy

плановая экономика — plan-based / planned economy, planned economics

создать плановую экономику — to build up a planned economy

предпринимательская экономика — business economy

процветающая экономика — healthy economy

развивающаяся экономика — developing / expanding economy

развитая экономика — advanced / developed economy

региональная экономика — regional economy

рыночная экономика, экономика, ориентирующаяся на развитие рыночных связей — market-oriented / exchange economy, market system

страны с рыночной экономикой — market economics

самообеспеченная — self-sufficient economy

сельскохозяйственная экономика — agricultural economy

слабая / больная экономика — ailing economy

смешанная экономика — mixed economy

стабильная / устойчивая экономика — stationary / steady-state economy

статистическая экономика — statistical economy

теневая экономика — shadow economy

искоренить теневую экономику — to root out the shadow economy

породить теневую экономику — to give rise to a shadow economy

частнопредпринимательская экономика — private enterprise economy

аграрный сектор экономики — agrarian sector of the economy

взаимозависимость / взаимосвязь экономик различных стран — interdependence of economies

взаимопроникновение экономик — interpenetration of the economies

вопросы экономики — economic problems / questions

внутреннее равновесие экономики — internal balance

восстановление экономики — economic rehabilitation

государственный сектор экономики — state-run economy

гражданский сектор экономики — civilian sector of economy

дестабилизация экономики страны — destabilisation of a country's economy

замедление / спад темпов роста экономики — slackening in the rate of economic growth

интенсификация экономики — intensification of economy

кооперативный сектор экономики — economy's cooperative sector, cooperative sector of economy

критическое положение экономики — critical state of the economy

масштабы экономики — size of the economy

многоукладность экономики — multistructural character of the economy

общий рост экономики — general growth of economy

однобокое развитие экономики — one-sided development of the economy

оживление экономики — revitalization of economy, revival in the economy

подрыв / разрушение экономики — erosion of economy

подъём экономики — upsurge of the economy

обеспечить подъём экономики — to ensure an upsurge of the economy

послание президента Конгрессу по вопросам экономики (США) — Economic Message to Congress

потери в экономике — economic waste

программа оздоровления экономики — economic recovery programme

равновесие внутренней экономики — domestic equilibrium

развитие экономики — development of the economy

перспективы развития мировой экономики — world economic outlock

сбалансированное развитие экономики — balanced development of the economy

степень развития экономики — degree of economic development

реконверсия экономики — reconversion of economy

руководство / управление экономикой — economic management

состояние экономики — economic climate

спад в экономике — slowing / slackening of the economy

поддерживать экономику в состоянии спада — to keep the economy deprened

стабилизация экономики — economic stabilization

структурные изменения в экономике — structural changes in economy

укрепление экономики — strengthening of economy

функционирование экономики — economic performance, operation of economy

функционирование экономики в условиях неполной занятости — underperformance of economy

функционирование мировой экономики — functioning of the world economy

механизм функционирования экономики — mechanics of economy

общественный сектор экономики — public sector of economy

частный сектор экономики — private sector of the economy

экономика высокой занятости — high employment economy

экономика высокой конъюнктуры / "высокого давления" — high pressure economy

экономика городов — urban economy

экономика, испытывающая затруднения — faltering economy

экономика мирного времени — peacetime economy

экономика переходного периода — economy of the transition period

экономика полной занятости — full employment economy

экономика свободной конкуренции — laissez-faire economy

экономика свободного предпринимательства — free enterprise economy

экономика сельского хозяйства — rural / farm economy / economics

экономика с тенденцией к неконтролируемой инфляции — overheated economy

экономика страны — national economy, national economic enterprise

экономика труда — labour economic

экономика успешно развивается — the economy is buoyant

2) (научная дисциплина) economics

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > экономика экономик·а
16 policy

̈ɪˈpɔlɪsɪ I сущ.
1) а) политика, линия поведения, установка, курс to adopt, establish, formulate, set a policy ≈ принимать курс, устанавливать политику to adhere to, follow, pursue a policy ≈ следовать политике, держать курс, проводить политику to carry out, implement a policy ≈ проводить политику to form, shape a policy ≈ вырабатывать политику cautious policy ≈ осмотрительная, осторожная политика clear, clear-cut policy ≈ четкий политический курс conciliatory policy ≈ примиренческая политика deliberate policy ≈ обдуманная, взвешенная политика economic policy ≈ экономическая политика established, set policy ≈ установленная политика firm policy ≈ твердая политика flexible policy ≈ гибкая политика foolish policy ≈ недальновидная политика foreign policy ≈ внешняя политика friendly policy ≈ дружественная политика government, public policy ≈ политика правительства long-range, long-term policy ≈ долгосрочная политика military policy ≈ военная политика monetary policy ≈ денежная политика national policy ≈ национальная политика official policy ≈ официальная политика open-door policy ≈ политика открытых дверей personnel policy ≈ кадровая политика prudent policy ≈ разумная, предусмотрительная политика rigid policy ≈ твердая, жесткая политика scorched-earth policy ≈ воен. тактика выжженной земли short-range, short-term policy ≈ краткосрочная политика sound, wise policy ≈ здравая, мудрая политика tough policy ≈ жесткий политический курс, твердая политика wait-and-see policy ≈ политика выжидания It is our established policy to treat everyone fairly. ≈ У нас принято со всеми обращаться справедливо. It is company policy that all workers be/should be paid according to the same criteria. ≈ Политика компании состоит в том, чтобы все сотрудники получали зарплату на общих основаниях. bridge-building policy ≈ политика наведения мостов б) искусство управлять Syn: statecraft, diplomacy
2) благоразумие, политичность;
ловкость, хитрость In this case he was actuated by policy rather than by sentiment. ≈ На этот раз он руководствовался благоразумием, а не чувствами. Syn: prudence, sense
3) шотланд. парк (вокруг усадьбы) II сущ.
1) страховой полис to take out a policy ≈ получать страховой полис to issue, write up a policy ≈ выдавать, выписывать страховой полис to reinstate a policy ≈ восстанавливать страховой полис to cancel a policy ≈ аннулировать страховой полис endowment policy homeowner's policy insurance policy lifetime policy term policy
2) а) амер. род азартной игры, лотерея( построенная по принципу угадывания чисел) б) число, комбинация чисел (в азартной игре) Syn: number политика - home /internal, domestic/ * внутренняя политика - foreign * внешняя политика - long-range * долгосрочная политика - wait-and-see * выжидательная политика - give-and-take * политика взаимных уступок - kid-glove * умеренная /осторожная/ политика - big stick * (американизм) политика "большой дубинки" - ostrich * политика, основанная на самообмане - laissez-faire * политика (государственного) невмешательства (в экономику) - open-door * политика открытых дверей - procrastination * политика проволочек - "scorched-earth" * политика /тактика/ выжженной земли - carrot and stick * политика кнута и пряника - position-of-strength * политика (с позиции) силы - * of neutrality политика нейтралитета - * of pin-pricks политика булавочных уколов - brink-of-war *, * of brinkmanship( американизм) политика балансирования на грани войны - for reasons of * по политическим соображениям - to follow /to pursue, to conduct, to carry out/ a * проводить политику политика, линия поведения, курс;
установка;
стратегия - * authority директивный орган - their * is to satisfy the customers их цель - удовлетворить клиентов - honesty is the best * честность - лучшая политика - it is a poor * to promise more than you can do плохо обещать больше, чем можешь сделать система;
методика;
правила - all-in and all-out * (сельскохозяйственное) система использования( птичника) с однократным заполнением и последующей однократной реализацией птицы - feeding * (сельскохозяйственное) система кормления - first-in-first-out * очередность обслуживания в порядке поступления политичность, благоразумие - the * of such a course is doubtful разумность подобного курса сомнительна хитрость, ловкость проницательность;
дальновидность;
практичность;
предусмотрительность - he was actuated by * rather than sentiment он больше руководствовался практическими соображениями, нежели чувствами часто pl (шотландское) парк (при усадьбе или поместье) (редкое) правление;
правительство страховой полис - open * невалютированный полис - floating /running/ * генеральный полис - life (insurance) * полис страхования жизни - to issue /to draw up, to make out/ a * оформить полис( американизм) род азартной игры (в числа) - * shop место, где делаются ставки в этой игре accounting ~ общие принципы отражения хозяйственных операций в учете accounting ~ учетная политика adjustment ~ политика направленая на обеспечение трудоустройства (лиц, теряющих работу в результате структурных изменений в экономике) agricultural ~ аграрная политика alcohol ~ алкогольная политика (акциз, разрешение или запрещение производства, торговли и т. п.) all-in ~ универсальный страховой полис annuity insurance ~ договор страхования ренты antiinflationary ~ полит.эк. антиинфляционная политика austerity ~ полит.эк. политика строгой экономии banker ~ банковский страховой полис banking ~ политика банка bearer ~ полис на предъявителя blanket ~ генеральный полис blanket ~ полис, покрывающий все страховые случаи block ~ постоянный полис borrowing ~ кредитная политика capital contribution ~ полис страхования капиталов capital insurance ~ полис страхования капитала cargo ~ фрахтовый полис cheap money ~ политика низких процентных ставок coalition ~ политика сотрудничества collective bargaining ~ правила ведения переговоров о заключении коллективного договора commercial ~ торговая политика compensatory fiscal ~ компенсационная финансовая политика comprehensive household ~ полис комбинированного страхования квартиры и имущества comprehensive ~ полис комбинированного страхования consolidation ~ политика слияния consumer ~ политика в области защиты потребителей consumer ~ потребительская политика contractionary fiscal ~ жесткая финансово-кредитная политика contractionary fiscal ~ жесткая фискальная политика conversion ~ полис, предусматривающий возможность изменения страховой ответственности credible ~ политика, заслуживающая доверия credit ~ кредитная политика criminal ~ уголовная полиция currency ~ валютная политика data ~ политика в области информационной технологии dear-money ~ ограничение кредита путем повышения процентных ставок declaration ~ генеральный страховой полис development ~ политика развития (политический курс направленный на преимущественное развитие тех или иных областей) discount rate ~ политика регулирования учетных ставок discretionary fiscal ~ дискреционная финансовая политика dividend ~ дивидендная политика domestic ~ внутреняя политика easy monetary ~ политика "дешевых" денег easy money ~ политика "дешевых" денег economic ~ экономическая политика educational ~ политика в области образования employment ~ политика обеспечения занятости endowment ~ страхование на дожитие до определенного возраста environmental ~ экологическая политика exchange ~ валютная политика expansionary fiscal ~ экспансионистская финансово-бюджетная политика expansionary fiscal ~ экспансионистская фискальная политика expansionist monetary ~ экспансионистская денежно-кредитная политика external monetary ~ внешняя кредитно-денежная политика fidelity ~ полис страхования от финансовых потерь, связанных со злоупотреблениями служащих компании financial ~ финансовая политика fiscal ~ финансовая политика fiscal ~ финансово-бюджетная политика fiscal ~ фискальная политика fisheries ~ политика в области рыболовства fleet ~ морской полис floating ~ генеральный или постоянный полис floating ~ генеральный полис for reasons of ~ по политическим соображениям;
tough policy твердая политика foreign exchange ~ валютная политика foreign trade ~ политика в области внешней торговли free ~ бесплатный полис global ~ глобальный страховой полис grant a ~ выдавать страховой полис group ~ групповой полис growth ~ стратегия развития householder's comprehensive ~ страх. полис страхования нескольких видов домашнего имущества по одному договору hull ~ мор. страх. полис страхования корпуса судна immigrant ~ иммиграционная политика income distribution ~ политика распределения доходов incomes ~ политика в области контроля доходов index-linked ~ индексированный страховой полис individual ~ личный страховой полис industrial development ~ политика индустриального развития industrial ~ промышленная политика innovation ~ политика перемен insurance ~ договор страхования insurance ~ страховой полис insurance ~ amount сумма страхового полиса insurance ~ number номер страхового полиса interest rate ~ политика в области ставок процента internal ~ внутренняя политика inventory ~ политика управления запасами investment ~ инвестиционная политика isolation ~ политика изоляции issue a ~ выдавать страховой полис joint lives ~ полис совместного страхования жизни joint lives ~ полис страхования жизни двух или более лиц labour market ~ политика рынка труда laissez-faire ~ политика невмешательства государства в экономику laissez-faire ~ политика свободного предпринимательства land use ~ политика землепользования lapsed ~ полис, действие которого прекращено досрочно last survivor ~ полис лица, дожившего до определенного возраста legal ~ правовая политика lending ~ кредитная политика liberal trade ~ политика свободной торговли life annuity ~ полис пожизненной ренты life ~ полис страхования жизни liquidity ~ политика ликвидности loan against ~ ссуда под полис loan ~ кредитная политика loss ~ полис страхования от потерь management ~ политика руководства manpower ~ кадровая политика marine insurance ~ полис морского страхования marine ~ полис морского страхования marketing ~ политика в области сбыта marketing ~ стратегия в области сбыта master ~ групповой полис migration policies политика в вопросах миграции рабочей силы mixed ~ смешанный полис moderate ~ осторожная политика monetary ~ валютная политика monetary ~ денежно-кредитная политика monetary ~ монетарная политика mortgage protection ~ полис страхования погашения ипотечной задолженности national ~ государственная политика neutrality ~ политика нейтралитета nonalignment ~ политика неприсоединения obstructive ~ обструкционная политика omnium ~ страховой полис на общую сумму open ~ невалютированный полис, полис без указания стоимости предмета страхования open ~ невалютированный полис open ~ нетаксированный полис open-door ~ политика открытых дверей original ~ основной полис paging ~ вчт. алгоритм замещения страниц paid-up ~ оплаченный страховой полис ~ политика;
peace policy политика мира, мирная политика personal accident ~ полис личного страхования от несчастного случая personal accident ~ полис персонального страхования от несчастного случая personnel ~ кадровая политика policy вчт. алгоритм распределения ресурса ~ благоразумие, политичность;
хитрость, ловкость ~ курс ~ линия поведения ~ методика ~ шотл. парк (вокруг усадьбы) ~ поведение ~ полис (страховой) ~ политика, линия поведения, установка, курс ~ политика;
peace policy политика мира, мирная политика ~ политика ~ правила ~ амер. род азартной игры ~ вчт. стратегия ~ стратегия ~ страховой полис ~ страховой полис ~ of compromise политика компромиссов ~ of court судебная практика ~ of fiscal and monetary restraints политика финансовых и денежно-кредитных ограничений ~ of law правовая политика ~ of low interest rates политика низких процентных ставок ~ of violence политика насилия premium ~ полис с уплатой страховых взносов price ~ ценовая политика prices ~ политика цен pricing ~ политика ценообразования public ~ государственная политика reallotment ~ политика перераздела земли reform ~ политика реформ refugee ~ эмиграционная политика regional ~ региональная политика restrictive monetary ~ ограничительная денежно-кредитная политика restrictive monetary ~ ограничительная монетарная политика restrictive ~ политика ограничения restrictive ~ политика сдерживания restrictive trade ~ политика ограничения торговли retrenchment ~ политика экономии savings insurance ~ договор страхования сбережений security ~ вчт. стратегия защиты security ~ стратегия обеспечения безопасности service ~ вчт. стратегия обслуживания short-term economic ~ краткосрочная экономическая политика short-term ~ краткосрочная политика single-premium life ~ полис страхования жизни с единовременным страховым взносом single-premium ~ полис с единовременным страховым взносом social development ~ политика социального развития social ~ социальная политика solidary pay ~ политика платежей с солидарной ответственностью stabilization ~ политика стабилизации stabilization ~ политика стабилизации валюты stabilization ~ политика стабилизации цен stabilization ~ политика стабилизации экономической конъюнктуры stabilization ~ стратегия экономической стабилизации staff ~ кадровая политика stationary ~ вчт. стационарная стратегия structural ~ структурная политика subvention ~ политика в области субсидий supplementary ~ дополнительный полис supply-side ~ политика в области предложения survivorship ~ страховой полис пережившего супруга systematic ~ согласованная политика tax ~ налоговая политика taxation ~ политика налогообложения ticket ~ типовой полис tight money ~ жесткая кредитная политика tight money ~ политика дорогого кредита time ~ полис на срок time ~ срочный полис, полис страхования на срок for reasons of ~ по политическим соображениям;
tough policy твердая политика tough: ~ policy полит. жесткий курс;
a tough problem трудноразрешимая проблема trade ~ торговая политика translation ~ политика в области обменного курса валют turnover ~ полис страхования товарооборота uniform accounting ~ единая методика бухгалтерского учета unvalued ~ невалютированный полис unvalued ~ нетаксированный полис valued ~ валютированный полис valued ~ таксированный полис wage ~ политика в области зарплаты wage ~ политика в области оплаты труда wage restraint ~ политика сдерживания роста заработной платы wager ~ азартный полис whole-life ~ полис пожизненного страхования на случай смерти worldwide ~ глобальная политика worldwide ~ мировая политика youth ~ молодежная политика

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > policy
17 establishment

noun

1) (setting up, creation, foundation) Gründung, die; (of government, committee) Einsetzung, die; (of movement) Begründung, die; (of relations) Schaffung, die

2) (institution)

[business] establishment — Unternehmen, das

commercial/industrial establishment — Handels-/Industrieunternehmen, das

3) (Brit.)

the Establishment — das Establishment

* * *

noun

1) (the act of establishing.) die Gründung

2) (an institution or organization: All employees of this establishment get a bonus at New Year.) die Einrichtung

3) (a person's residence or household: a bachelor's establishment.) der Haushalt

* * *

es·tab·lish·ment

[ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt, esˈ-]

n

1. (business) Unternehmen nt, Firma f

business \establishment Geschäftsbetrieb m

family \establishment Familienunternehmen nt

2. + sing/pl vb ECON, FIN (staff) Personalbestand m

office with an \establishment of fifteen Büro nt mit fünfzehn Mitarbeitern

to be on the \establishment zum Personal gehören, fest angestellt sein

3. (organization) Organisation f, Einrichtung f, Institut nt, Anstalt f

educational \establishment Bildungseinrichtung f, Schule f

financial \establishment Finanzierungsgesellschaft f

religious \establishment Religionsgemeinschaft f

4. no pl (ruling group)

▪ the \establishment das Establishment

the political \establishment das politische Establishment, die politisch einflussreichen Kreise

to be/revolt against the \establishment gegen das Establishment sein/rebellieren

5. (act of setting up) Gründung f, Errichtung f

the \establishment of new areas of employment die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsbereiche

* * *
[I'stblɪʃmənt]
n

1) (= setting up of relations, links) Aufnahme f, Herstellung f; (of committee) Bildung f, Einsetzung f; (of post) Schaffung f, Einrichtung f; (of peace) Herstellung f; (of order) Herstellung f, Schaffung f; (of publisher's list) Bildung f; (of power, authority) Festigung f, (Wieder)herstellung f; (of reputation) Begründung f

2) (= proving) Beweis m

the lawyer devoted a lot of time to the establishment of a few basic facts — der Rechtsanwalt verwandte viel Zeit darauf, ein paar Tatsachen unter Beweis zu stellen

3) (= determining) Ermittlung f

establishment of the truth — Wahrheitsfindung f

4) (= institution etc) Institution f; (= hospital, school etc) Anstalt f, Institution f

the school is a very modest establishment — die Schule ist sehr bescheiden

commercial establishment — kommerzielles Unternehmen

5) (= household) Haus nt, Haushalt m

to keep up a large establishment — ein großes Haus führen

6) (MIL, NAUT ETC personnel) Truppenstärke f

war/peace establishment — Kriegs-/Friedensstärke f

7)

the Establishment — das Establishment

establishment person — (Erz)konservative(r) mf

establishment figure — Mitglied nt or Angehörige(r) mf des Establishments

* * *

establishment s

1. Einrichtung f, Errichtung f

2. a) Einsetzung f

b) Bildung f

c) Etablierung f, (Be)Gründung f

3. Durchsetzung f

4. Herstellung f, Aufnahme f

5. Aufstellung f

6. Versorgung f, Einkommen n

7. REL staatskirchliche Verfassung

8. organisierte Körperschaft oder Staatseinrichtung:

civil establishment Beamtenschaft f;

military establishment (das) Militär;

naval establishment (die) Flotte

9. the Establishment (auch als pl konstruiert) das Establishment:

a) die Oberschicht der politisch, wirtschaftlich oder gesellschaftlich einflussreichen Personen

b) die etablierte bürgerliche Gesellschaft, die auf Erhaltung des Status quo bedacht ist

10. SCHIFF, MIL Personal-, Mannschaftsbestand m, (Soll)Stärke f:

peace (war) establishment Friedens-(Kriegs)stärke

11. Anstalt f, (öffentliches) Institut

12. WIRTSCH

a) Firma f, Geschäft n, Unternehmen n

b) Niederlassung f

13. Haushalt m:

keep up a large establishment ein großes Haus führen

14. Nachweis m, Feststellung f:

establishment of paternity JUR Vaterschaftsnachweis

* * *

noun

1) (setting up, creation, foundation) Gründung, die; (of government, committee) Einsetzung, die; (of movement) Begründung, die; (of relations) Schaffung, die

2) (institution)

[business] establishment — Unternehmen, das

commercial/industrial establishment — Handels-/Industrieunternehmen, das

3) (Brit.)

the Establishment — das Establishment

* * *

n.

Aufnahme -n f.

Bildung -en f.

Einrichtung f.

Etablierung f.

Feststellung f.

English-german dictionary > establishment
18 policy

n

1) политика; политический курс; стратегия; система; ( towards smth) позиция

2) страховой полис

•

to abandon policy — отходить / отказываться от политики

to abide by policy — придерживаться политики

to adhere to policy — придерживаться политики; быть верным какой-л. политике

to administer policy — проводить политику; осуществлять политику

to adopt policy — принимать политику, брать на вооружение политический курс

to advise smb on policy — быть чьим-л. политическим советником

to advocate policy — отстаивать политику

to apply policy — проводить политический курс

to approve policy — одобрять политику

to argue for tougher policy — настаивать на ужесточении политики

to assign smth the status of state policy — возводить что-л. в ранг государственной политики

to back down from policy — отказываться от какой-л. политики

to be adept at foreign policy — быть искушенным в вопросах внешней политики

to be at odds with policy — противоречить какой-л. политике

to be committed to one's policy — быть приверженным своей политике

to be wary about smb's policy — настороженно относиться к чьему-л. политическому курсу

to break away from smb's policy — отходить от чьей-л. политики

to bring one's defense policy closer together — согласовывать свою политику в области обороны

to camouflage one's policy — маскировать свою политику

to carry out / to carry through policy — проводить политику

to champion policy — защищать / отстаивать политику

to change one's policy — менять свою политику

to condemn policy — осуждать политику

to conduct policy — проводить политику

to conflict with smb's policy — противоречить чьей-л. политике

to continue policy — продолжать политику

to coordinate one's policy over smth — координировать свою политику в каком-л. вопросе

to cover up one's policy — маскировать свою политику

to criticize policy — критиковать политику

to decide policy — определять политику, принимать политические решения

to declare policy — объявлять политику

to denounce policy — осуждать политику

to design policy — планировать политику

to determine policy — определять политику

to develop / to devise policy — разрабатывать политику

to direct policy — руководить политикой

to discredit policy — дискредитировать политику

to dismantle one's policy — отказываться от своей политики

to disrupt policy — срывать политику

to dissociate oneself from smb's policy — отмежевываться от чьей-л. политики

to dither about one's policy — колебаться при проведении своей политики

to dump policy — отказываться от политики

to effect policy — осуществлять политику

to effect a policy of insurance — страховаться; приобретать страховой полис

to elaborate policy — вырабатывать политику

to embark on / to embrace policy — принимать какой-л. политический курс

to employ policy — применять политику

to end policy — прекращать политику

to endanger policy — ставить под угрозу политику

to endorse policy — одобрять политику

to establish policy — устанавливать политику

to examine policy — рассматривать политику

to execute / to exercise policy — проводить политику

to explain policy — разъяснять политику

to expound policy — излагать политику

to express policy — высказывать политические взгляды

to follow policy — следовать политике; проводить политику

to forge policy — вырабатывать политику

to formulate policy — определять политику

to frame policy — вырабатывать политику

to give up policy — отказываться от политики

to guide policy — направлять политику

to halt smb's policy — останавливать чью-л. политику

to harden one's policy — ужесточать свою политику / позицию

to harmonize policy — координировать / согласовывать политику

to hold to policy — придерживаться политики

to implement policy — проводить политику

to initiate policy — положить начало политике

to institutionalize policy — законодательно закреплять политику

to interfere in policy — вмешиваться в политику

to introduce policy — вводить политику

to investigate policy — расследовать политику

to justify one's policy — оправдывать свою политику

to keep policy — сохранять политику неизменной

to keep policy going — продолжать политику

to launch policy — начинать проведение политики

to lay policy before the electorate for approval — излагать политический курс для его одобрения избирателями

to lay down policy — устанавливать политический курс

to lose control of policy — утрачивать контроль над политикой

to maintain policy — продолжать политику

to make policy — быть творцом политики

to make a U-turn in policy — делать поворот на 180 градусов в политике

to make clear one's policy — разъяснять свою политику

to make defense policy — заниматься вопросами обороны

to make one's own policy — принимать самостоятельные политические решения

to map out policy — намечать политический курс

to moderate policy — делать политику более умеренной

to modify policy — изменять политику

to outline policy — намечать политический курс

to overturn policy — отвергать политику, отказываться от какой-л. политики

to present policy — излагать политику

to proclaim one's commitment to policy — публично обязываться проводить какую-л. политику

to profess policy — заявлять о политике

to promote the reform policy — способствовать успеху политики реформ

to propagate policy — пропагандировать / рекламировать политику

to pursue policy — проводить политику

to put across smb's policy to smb — доводить свою политику до кого-л.

to put forward policy — выдвигать политический курс

to put one's policy into practice — осуществлять свою политику

to question policy — подвергать сомнению политику

to railroad through one's policy — протаскивать свою политику

to reappraise one's policy — пересматривать свою политику

to reassess one's policy toward a country — пересматривать свою политику по отношению к какой-л. стране

to reconsider one's policy — пересматривать свою политику

to reform policy — перестраивать политику

to reject policy — отвергать политику

to relax one's policy towards smb — смягчать свою политику по отношению к кому-л.

to rethink one's policy — пересматривать свою политику

to reveal policy (of) — разоблачать политику

to reverse one's policy — изменять свою политику

to review policy — 1) делать обзор политики 2) пересматривать политику

to rewrite policy — изменять политику

to set out policy — излагать политику

to shape policy — определять / разрабатывать политику

to signal a change in foreign policy — свидетельствовать об изменении внешней политики

to spearhead one's policy — направлять острие своей политики

to spell out one's policy in advance — заранее излагать свою политику

to stick to a policy — придерживаться какой-л. политики

to support policy — поддерживать политику

to test policy — проверять политику

to thrash out policy — вырабатывать / обсуждать политику

to tighten monetary policy — вводить более строгие правила в финансовой политике

to tone down one's more controversial policy — ограничивать свои менее популярные политические меры

to validate policy — поддерживать какую-л. политику / политическую линию

to violate policy — отступать от политики

to work out policy — разрабатывать политику

- about-turn in policy
- active policy
- adventurist policy
- adventuristic policy
- advocacy of policy
- advocate of policy
- aggressive policy
- agrarian policy
- agricultural policy
- alternative policy
- annexationist policy
- anti-inflationary policy
- anti-national policy
- anti-nuclear policy
- anti-recessionary policy
- appropriate policy
- architect of policy
- arms policy
- austere policy
- austerity policy
- autonomous policy
- balanced policy
- banking policy
- bankrupt policy
- basic policy
- beggar-my-neighbor policy
- bellicose policy
- big stick policy
- big-time policy
- bipartisan policy
- blind-eye policy
- bloc policy
- bomb-in-the-basement policy
- breach of policy
- bridge-building policy
- brinkmanship policy
- brink-of-war policy
- broad-brush policy
- budget policy
- cadres policy
- carrot and stick policy
- cautious policy
- centrist policy
- champion of policy
- change in policy
- change of emphasis in policy
- change of policy
- circumspect policy
- class policy
- clean-air policy
- closed-door trade policy
- coherent policy
- cold war policy
- colonial policy
- colonialist policy
- commercial policy
- commitment to policy of nonintervention
- common policy
- comprehensive national science and technology policy
- comprehensive set of policy
- concerted policy
- conduct of policy
- confrontation policy
- consistent policy
- containment policy
- continuity in policy
- continuity of policy
- continuity with smb's policy
- controversial policy
- coordinated policy
- cornerstone of policy
- counterproductive policy
- country's fundamental policy
- credible policy
- credit card policy
- credit policy
- crumbling policy
- cultural policy
- current policy
- damaging policy
- defeatist policy
- defense policy
- deflationary policy
- demilitarization policy
- democratic policy
- departure in policy
- destabilization policy
- deterrent policy
- development policy
- diametrically opposed policy
- dilatory policy
- diplomatic policy
- disarmament policy
- discretionary policy
- discriminatory policy
- disinflation policy
- distortion of policy
- divide-and-rule policy
- domestic policy
- dynamic policy
- economic and commercial policy
- economic policy
- embargo policy
- emigration policy
- emission policy
- employment policy
- energy policy
- environmental policy
- erroneous policy
- European policy
- even-handed policy
- expansionary policy
- expansionist policy
- experience of policy
- extreme right-wing policy
- fair policy
- farm policy
- far-reaching policy
- far-sighted policy
- federal policy
- financial policy
- firm policy
- fiscal policy
- flexible policy
- for reasons of policy
- foreign aid policy
- foreign policy
- foreign trade policy
- foreign-economic policy
- formation of foreign policy
- formulation of policy
- forward-looking policy
- framework for policy
- free trade policy
- general policy
- generous policy
- give-and-take policy
- global policy
- godfather to policy
- good neighbor policy
- government policy
- government's policy
- great-power policy
- green policy
- gunboat policy
- hands-off policy
- hard-line policy
- harmful policy
- harmonized policy
- health policy
- hegemonic policy
- high-risk policy
- home policy
- ill-thought-out policy
- imperial policy
- imperialist policy
- import policy
- import substitution policy
- in line with policy
- in the field of foreign policy
- inadmissibility of policy
- independent line of policy
- independent policy
- industrial policy
- inflationary policy
- inhuman policy
- instigatory policy
- insurance policy
- internal policy
- international policy
- internment policy
- interventionist policy
- intolerableness of policy
- investment policy
- iron-fist policy
- irreversible policy
- it's against our policy
- kid-glove policy
- labor mediation policy
- laissez-faire policy
- land policy
- language policy
- leash-loosening policy
- left-wing policy
- lending policy
- liberal policy
- liberalization of policy
- liberalized policy
- line of policy
- long-range policy
- long-term policy
- lunatic policy
- main plank of smb's policy
- major changes to policy
- manifestation of policy
- maritime policy
- marketing policy
- massive condemnation of smb's policy
- militaristic policy
- misconduct of policy
- mobile policy
- moderate policy
- monetarist policy
- monetary policy
- much-heralded policy
- mushy policy
- national policy
- nationalistic policy
- nationalities policy
- native policy
- nativist policy
- neo-colonialist policy
- NEP
- neutral policy
- neutrality policy
- New Economic Policy
- news policy
- nonaligned policy
- nonalignment policy
- noninterference policy
- nonintervention policy
- nonnuclear policy
- nuclear defense policy
- nuclear deterrent policy
- nuclear policy
- nuclear-free policy
- obstructionist policy
- official policy
- official trade policy
- oil policy
- old faces can't make new policy
- one-child-family policy
- one-sided policy
- open-door policy
- openly pursued policy
- opportunistic policy
- optimal policy
- ostrich policy
- ostrich-like policy
- outward-looking policy
- overall policy
- overtly racist policy
- parliamentary policy
- party policy
- passive policy
- pay-curb policy
- peace policy
- peaceful policy
- peace-loving policy
- personnel policy
- plunderous policy
- policy from positions of strength
- policy from strength
- policy in science and technology
- policy is bearing fruit
- policy is constitutional
- policy of a newspaper
- policy of aid
- policy of alliances
- policy of amicable cooperation with smb
- policy of appeasement
- policy of belt-tightening
- policy of capitulation
- policy of compromise
- policy of conciliation
- policy of confrontation
- policy of connivance
- policy of containment
- policy of cooperation
- policy of democracy and social progress
- policy of détente
- policy of deterrence
- policy of dictate
- policy of discrimination
- policy of economic blockade and sanctions
- policy of economy
- policy of elimination
- policy of expansion and annexation
- policy of fiscal rigor
- policy of freedom of expression
- policy of friendship
- policy of genocide
- policy of good-neighborliness
- policy of goodwill
- policy of inaction
- policy of intervention
- policy of intimidation
- policy of isolation
- policy of militarism
- policy of militarization
- policy of military confrontation
- policy of military force
- policy of national reconciliation
- policy of neutrality
- policy of nonalignment
- policy of noninterference
- policy of nonintervention
- policy of nonviolence
- policy of obstruction
- policy of openness
- policy of pacification
- policy of peace
- policy of peaceful co-existence
- policy of plunder
- policy of protectionism
- policy of racial segregation and discrimination
- policy of reconciliation
- policy of reform
- policy of reforms
- policy of regulating prices
- policy of renewal
- policy of restraint
- policy of revanche
- policy of revenge
- policy of subjugation
- policy of violence
- policy of wage restraint
- policy of war
- policy towards a country
- policy vis-à-vis a country
- policy with regard to a country
- policy won out
- political policy
- population policy
- position-of-strength policy
- practical policy
- predatory policy
- price control policy
- price-formation policy
- price-pricing policy
- pricing policy
- principled policy
- progressive policy
- proponent of policy
- protagonist of policy
- protectionist policy
- pro-war policy
- pro-Western policy
- public policy
- push-and-drag policy
- racial policy
- racist policy
- radical policy
- rapacious policy
- reactionary policy
- realistic policy
- reappraisal of policy
- reassessment of policy
- recession-induced policy
- reevaluation of policy
- reexamination of policy
- reform policy
- reformist policy
- regional policy
- renewal of policy
- re-orientation of policy
- repressive policy
- resettlement policy
- rethink of policy
- retrograde policy
- revanchist policy
- reversal of policy

- revision of policy
- revisionist policy
- rigid economic policy
- robust foreign policy
- ruinous policy
- safe policy
- sanctions policy
- scientifically substantiated policy
- scorched-earth policy
- selfless policy
- separatist policy
- shift in policy

- shoot-to-kill anti-terrorist policy
- short-sighted policy
- single-child policy
- social policy
- socio-economic policy
- sound policy
- splitting policy
- state policy
- state remuneration of labor policy
- stated policy
- staunch policy
- sterile policy
- stick-and-carrot policy
- stringent policy
- strong policy
- structural policy
- suitable policy
- sustained policy
- sweeping review of policy
- switch in policy
- tariff policy
- tax policy
- taxation policy
- technological policy
- tight policy
- tightening of policy
- time-serving policy
- tough policy
- toughening of policy
- trade policy
- trade-unionist policy
- traditional policy
- treacherous policy
- turn in policy
- turning point in policy
- unified policy
- united policy
- unsophisticated policy
- U-turn in policy
- viability of policy
- vigorous policy
- vote-losing policy
- wage policy
- wage-freeze policy
- wages policy
- wait-and-see policy
- war-economy policy
- wealth-creating policy
- whip-and-carrot policy
- wise policy
- world policy
- zigzags in policy

Politics english-russian dictionary > policy
19 Economy

   Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.

   For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.

   Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.

   Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.

   During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.

   After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.

    See also Empire, Portuguese overseas.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Economy
20 policy

I сущ.
общ. политика, курс, стратегия [методика, линия\] поведения [действия\] (совокупность принципов, направлений и способов деятельности в определенной области)

policy group — группа по выработке политики

party policy — политика партии

carrot-and-stick policy — политика кнута и пряника

policy of neutrality, neutrality policy — политика нейтралитета

policy of appeasement, appeasement policy — политика умиротворения

optimal policy — оптимальная политика

near-optimal policy — политика, близкая к оптимальной

short-sighted [myopic\] policy — недальновидная [близорукая\] политика

subtle policy — тонкая [умная\] политика

prudent policy — разумная [предусмотрительная\] политика

cautious policy — осторожная [осмотрительная\] политика

principled policy — принципиальная политика

clear-cut [clear\] policy — четкая [ясная\] политика

rigid policy — твердая [жесткая\] политика

sound [wise\] policy — здравая [мудрая\] политика

flexible policy — гибкая политика

long-run [long-range\] policy — долгосрочная политика, политика дальнего прицела

short-run policy — краткосрочная политика

consistent policy — последовательная [неизменная\] политика

deliberate policy — обдуманная [взвешенная\] политика

moderate policy — умеренная [сдержанная\] политика

conciliatory policy — примиренческая политика

to adopt a policy — принимать политику

to carry out [to conduct, to operate\] a policy — проводить политику

to apply a policy — применять политику

application of a policy — применение политики

to implement a policy — осуществлять [проводить\] политику

to effect a policy — осуществлять [реализовать\] политику

to execute a policy — реализовать политику

to set [to set down\] a policy — устанавливать политику

to formulate a policy — формулировать политику

to draw up a policy — разрабатывать политику

to form [shape\] a policy — вырабатывать политику

to develop a policy — разрабатывать политику

to plan a policy — планировать политику

to influence a policy — влиять на политику

to dictate a policy — диктовать политику

to control a policy — контролировать политику

to initiate a policy — ввести политику

to reject a policy — отвергать политику

to reverse a policy — резко [круто\] изменить политику

to adhere to [to follow, to pursue\] a policy — следовать политике, придерживаться политики, проводить политику

to tighten policy — ужесточать политику

tightening of policy — ужесточение политики

to ease [to relax\] policy — ослаблять [смягчать\] политику

easing [relaxation, ease\] of policy — ослабление [смягчение\] политики

to liberalize policy — либерализовать политику

liberalization of policy — либерализация политики

policy tool — средство проведения политики, орудие [инструмент\] политики

policy execution — исполнение политики

policy manual — руководство, инструкция

personnel policy manual — руководство по кадровой политике

policy decision — политическое решение

economic policy decision — решение в области экономической политики

policy measures — политические меры

social policy measures — меры в области социальной политики

policy objective — цель [задача\] политики

two-track [twin\] policy — двойственная политика

nation's foreign policy — внешняя политика страны

global policy — глобальная политика

military policy — военная политика

defence policy — оборонная политика

transport policy — транспортная политика

government policy on wages [wages policy\] — государственная политика в области оплаты труда

government's prices policy — государственная ценовая политика

federal policy — федеральная политика

regional policy — региональная политика

country's economic policy — экономическая политика страны

official policy — официальная политика

information policy — информационная политика, политика в области информации

language policy — языковая политика, политика в области [в отношении\] языка

export policy — экспортная политика, политика в области экспорта

import policy — импортная политика, политика в области импорта

education policy, educational policy — образовательная политика, политика в области образования

science policy — научная политика, политика в области науки

fishery policy, fisheries policy — политика рыболовства, политика в области рыболовства, рыболовная политика

privacy policy — политика конфиденциальности, политика (в отношении) конфиденциальности личной [частной\] информации

Our policy is to submit all contracts to the legal department. — Мы придерживаемся политики предоставления всех контрактов на изучение в юридический отдел.

It is not the normal policy of the council to give grants for more than three years. — Выдавать гранты более чем на три года не в правилах совета.

The government made a policy statement [a statement of policy\]. — Правительство сделало программное заявление.

for reasons of policy — по политическим соображениям, по соображениям политики

for reasons of social policy — по соображениям социальной политики

The first step in ensuring your computer security is up to scratch is to write a security policy. — Первый шаг на пути обеспечения поддержания вашей компьютерной безопасности на должном уровне — разработка политики безопасности.

See:

agricultural policy, anti-inflationary policy, antitrust policy, beggar-thy-neighbour policy, benign neglect policy, budgetary policy, business policy, commercial policy 1), competition policy, consumer policy, corporate social policy, countercyclical policy, credit policy, currency policy, customs policy, demographic policy, discount policy, economic policy, employment policy, environmental policy, exchange policy, exchange rate policy, fiscal policy, foreign policy, foreign exchange policy ! foreign trade policy, good neighbour policy, home policy, incomes policy, industrial policy, inflationary policy, investment policy, monetary policy, open-door policy, open market policy, organizational policy, policy of continuity, policy of drift, policy of obstruction, population policy, procurement policy, social policy, stocking policy, tax policy, trade policy, wages policy, wholesale policy, policy committee, policy departure, policy economics, policy maker, policymaker, policy reversal, politics, technique, procedure
II сущ.
страх. (страховой) полис (документ, который выдается страховщиком страхователю в подтверждение заключения договора страхования; содержит условия страхования; служит юридическим доказательством заключения договора страхования)

to issue [write up, write\] a policy — выдавать [выписывать\] полис

issue of a policy — выдача (страхового) полиса

to take out a policy — получить [приобрести\] полис, застраховаться

to effect a policy — застраховаться, приобрести полис

to carry a policy — иметь (страховой) полис, быть застрахованным

to purchase [to buy\] a policy — покупать полис

to obtain [get\] a policy — приобрести полис

to apply for a policy — подавать заявление на приобретение полиса

to sell a policy — продавать полис

to cancel a policy — аннулировать полис

to terminate a policy — прекратить действие полиса, аннулировать полис

termination of a policy — прекращение действия [аннулирование\] полиса

to void a policy — признавать полис недействительным, аннулировать полис

to renew a policy — возобновить полис

renewal of a policy — возобновление полиса

to keep a policy in force — поддерживать полис в силе, сохранять действие полиса

a policy remains in force — полис остается в силе

to pledge a policy — использовать полис в качестве залога

to assign a policy — переуступать права по полису

to transfer a policy — передавать права по полису

This policy covers the cost of injury or damage caused by another driver who is not insured. — Этот полис покрывает [страхует, распространяется на\] расходы, связанные с травмой или ущербом, причиненным незастрахованным водителем. [Этот полис предоставляет страховую защиту от расходов, связанных с травмой или ущербом, причиненным незастрахованным водителем.\]

This portion of the policy covers you in the event a claim or lawsuit is brought against you for bodily injury or property damage as the result of an accident or event occurring on your property. — Эта часть полиса предоставляет вам страховую защиту в случае [страхует вас на случай\] подачи жалобы или иска против вас в связи с нанесением телесных повреждений или имущественного ущерба в результате несчастного случая или иного события, произошедшего на территории вашего владения.

to be covered by a policy — покрываться [охватывается, страховаться\] полисом

to claim on a policy — требовать выплаты (страховки) по полису

annual premium policy — полис с ежегодной уплатой (страховой) премии

regular premium policy — полис с периодической уплатой (страховых) премий

$500000 insurance policy, insurance policy of $500000 — страховой полис на сумму $500000

policy amount, amount of a policy — сумма полиса

a policy expires, a policy lapses, a policy matures — срок действия полиса истекает

expired [lapsed, matured\] policy — истекший [прекративший действие\] полис

to reinstate a lapsed policy — восстанавливать прекративший действие (страховой) полис

policy endorsement, endorsement to a policy, policy rider, rider to a policy — приложение [дополнение\] к полису

insurance policy premium — премия по страховому полису

health insurance policy premiums — премии по полису страхования здоровья

Syn:

insurance policy

See:

cargo policy, commercial policy 2), tenant's policy, accident policy, annual policy, annuity policy, assessable policy, automobile liability policy, blanket policy, business auto policy, business owners policy, cancellable policy, claims-made policy, combination policy, commercial package policy, convertible policy, dental policy, endowment policy, equity-linked policy, fire policy, floating policy, general liability policy, group policy, homeowner's policy, individual policy, joint policy, life insurance policy, long-term policy, master policy, non-assessable policy, noncancellable policy, non-participating policy, non-qualifying policy, non-tax-qualified policy, occurrence policy, open policy, package policy, paid-up policy, participating policy, partnership policy, personal auto policy, professional liability policy, rated policy, qualifying policy, renewable policy, single premium policy, short-term policy, surplus lines policy, survivorship policy, tax-qualified policy, unit-linked policy, valued policy, certificate of insurance, insurance contract, cover note, policyholder, insurance, assurance, insurance identification card, insurer, insured, insurance money, insured event, insured loss, insurance claim, insurance period, insurance premium, declarations section, coverage part, exclusion, rider

* * *
страховой полис; = insurance policy.
* * *

полис
. . Словарь экономических терминов .
* * *

Международное страхование

страховой полис

см. agreement

Англо-русский экономический словарь > policy

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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military-industrial employment

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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military-industrial employment

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